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^^ 


CAMP'S  GEOGRAPHY, 


EMBRACING 


THE    KEY 


TO 


MITCHELL'S  SERIES  OF  OUTLINE  MAPS. 


BY 

DAVID  N.  CAMP, 

// 

PEIKCIPAL   OF   THE   CONN.    STATE   NORMAL   SCHOOL   AND   STATE   SUPERINTENDENT   OF  COMMON   SCHOOLS. 


HARTFOKD: 

PUBLISHED   BY   O.    D.    CASE   AND    COMPANY: 

O  H  I  C  A  G}^  O : 

GEORGE    SHERWOOD. 

1861. 


C/S 
/Si/ 


GIFT 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1857,  by 

0.   D.   CASE  &  CO., 

In  the  Clerk's  OfiBce  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1858,  by 
0.    D.    CASE   &   CO., 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  for  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


CASE,    LOCKWOOD   &   CO., 

EliECTROTYPEBS   AND   PKINTEKS, 

HARTFORD,    CONN. 


PREFACE. 


The  preparation  of  the  following  work  was  undertaken  by  the  author  at  the  request  of 
the  publishers,  and  at  the  earnest  solicitations  of  teachers  who  had  used  Mitchell's  Outline 
Maps  with  great  profit.  The  object  first  proposed  was  such  corrections  of  Mitchell's  series 
of  Outline  Maps  as  were  necessary  to  make  them  accord  with  present  geographical 
knowledge,  and  a  corresponding  alteration  of  the  key. 

On  proceeding  with  the  work  it  was  soon  ascertained  that  to  make  the  whole  complete  an 
entire  change  of  the  key  would  be  necessary.  The  publishers  decided  to  be  at  the  ex- 
pense of  having  the  maps  redrawn  and  engraved,  and  a  geography  prepared  as  an  accom- 
paniment. The  geography  contains  exact  transcripts  of  the  larger  maps  reduced  in  size, 
with  a  key  to  all  the  maps,  and  questions  for  review  or  examination.  Geographical 
definitions  and  a  brief  description  of  countries  and  the  principal  cities  and  towns  have  been 
given.  "While  the  more  important  facts  in  geography  have  been  included,  every  thing  not 
necessary  for  thorough  study  has  been  omitted. 

Figures  have  been  employed  instead  of  letters  for  reference  from  the  maps  to  the  key, 
being  more  convenient,  and  making  the  whole  work  more  uniform.  The  geography  is 
complete  in  itself  and  may  be  used  independently,  or  with  the  larger  maps. 

The  author  would  gratefully  acknowledge  the  aid  received  from  teachers  and  others  by 
valuable  suggestions  made  during  the  preparation  of  the  work. 

It  is  hoped  the  plan  may  be  found  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  school  room  and  facili- 
tate the  study  of  the  interesting  science  of  geography. 


ivil71855 


HINTS  TO  TEACHERS 


In  introducing  the  study  of  Geography  to  a  class  of  young  pupils,  their  attention  should 
first  be  directed  to  the  school  yard,  or  a  portion  of  the  road,  or  fields ;  prominent 
objects  should  be  pointed  out,  and  their  relative  position  and  distance  noted.  The  whole 
should  then  be  represented  on  the  blackboard,  by  the  teacher.  Thus  would  be  conveyed 
to  the  child  the  idea  of  a  map.  This  map  should  be  copied  on  a  slate,  by  each  member  of 
the  class,  and  recited  from,  as  a  lesson.  Additions  of  surrounding  fields,  roads,  &c.  should 
be  made  at  successive  lessons,  till  a  map  of  the  district,  village,  town,  or  city,  be  completed. 

Various  natural  features  should  be  described  when  located,  such  as  brooks,  ponds,  hills 
and  islands ;  the  points  of  the  compass  indicated ;  the  boundaries,  peculiarities;  and  general 
features  of  the  whole  taught  orally,  and  by  actual  view  pf  the  same  if  possible. 

By  similar  and  successive  steps,  the  geography  of  the  county  or  parish  should  be 
taught,  while  an  outline  of  the  same  is  made  upon  the  board  and  copied  by  the  class. 

The  excellent  state  maps  now  published,  will  give  the  teacher  an  opportunity  to  teach 
well  the  geography  of  the  pupil's  own  state. 

When  this  is  done  the  class  or  school  will  be  prepared  to  study  with  advantage  from 
the  text-book. 

The  lessons  on  mathematical  definitions,  and  on  the  size  and  motions  of  the  earth, 
circles,  &c.,  numbered  from  the  6th  to  the  15th,  may  be  omitted  till  the  review,  if  the 
pupils  are  young. 

The  geographical  definitions  should  be  thoroughly  committed  to  memory,  and  illustrated 
from  the  maps,  and  by  a  globe. 

In  the  use  of  the  outline  maps,  it  is  desirable  that  the  class  be  so  arranged,  that  they 
will  face  the  north,  with  the  map  before  them.  The  teacher  should  point  out  the  country, 
or  part  of  the  world  to  be  studied,  calling  the  attention  of  the  class  to  any  peculiarities  of 
configuration  or  position. 

The  pupils  should  then  become  so  familiar  with  each  map,  the  natural  features  repre- 
sented, the  political  divisions  and  the  locality  of  places,  as  to  recognize  them  by  their  forms 
or  positions,  without  their  names  accompanying. 

This  can  be  secured,  by  oral  instruction,  by  a  careful  study  of  the  map  with  the  key  in 
the  geography,  and  by  drawing  the  map  on  the  slate  or  paper,  putting  down  the  parallels' 
and  meridians,  and  accurately  filling  up  the  outline  with  the  natural  and  political  divisions. 

The  principle  of  association,  according  to  some  particular  order  of  arrangement,  will  aid 
the  memory  in  retaining  the  name  of  each  place  or  division.  The  following  order  has 
long  been  used  by  some  of  the  best  teachers  of  New  England,  and  has  been  adopted  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  maps  and  key.     Commencing  with  each  map  at  the  upper  left  hand 


HINTS   TO    TEACHERS. 


corner,  or  north-west  part,  and  proceeding  around  the  map  to  the  right,  let  the  pupil  in 
recitation  pronounce  distinctly  the  names  classified  as  follows. 

1  Countries, 

2  Oceans,  seas,  gulfs  and  bays. 

3  Straits,  channels  and  sounds. 

4  Islands. 

5  Capes,  peninsulas  and  isthmuses. 

6  Mountains  and  deserts. 

7  Lakes  and  rivers. 

Or  the  teacher  may  pronounce  the  name  and  let  the  pupil  point  out  the  thing  named 
on  the  map. 

Each  map  is  to  be  reviewed  by  promiscuous  questions.  A  few  of  these  have  been  given. 
But  the  teacher  should  multiply  and  vary  them,  as  circumstances  require. 

The  pupils  are  thus  prepared  for  the  study  of  descriptive  geography.  The  questions  on 
the  maps  are  followed  by  a  brief  description  of  the  countries  represented.  The  more  impor- 
tant facts  are  given  on  each  country.  But  a  full  description  could  not  be  given,  without 
increasing  the  size  and  price  of  the  book  far  beyond  the  wants  of  our  schools.  This  can 
much  better  be  obtained  from  gazetteers,  geographical  dictionaries  and  cyclopedias,  than 
from  any  text-book. 

For  classes  of  advanced  scholars  topical  instruction  will  be  productive  of  very  beneficial 
results.  The  country  to  be  studied  having  been  selected,  the  teacher  should  assign  a  topic 
to  each  pupil,  who,  with  a  given  and  definite  subject  before  him,  should  consult  reference- 
books,  public  and  private  libraries,  and  all  sources  of  available  information. 

The  following  list  of  topics  can  be  used,  or  so  much  of  it  as  is  adapted  to  the  attainments 
of  the  class,  or  their  means  of  obtaining  the  facts  required. 

LIST  OF  TOPICS  FOR  ADVANCED  CLASS. 

1  Situation,  extent  and  boundaries. 

2  Coast,  (indentations  and  projections.) 

3  Rivers  and  lakes. 

4  Surface,  (mountains,  plains,  plateaus,  &c.) 

5  Soil  and  climate. 

6  Productions,  (animal,  vegetable  and  mineral.) 

7  Manufactures. 

8  Commerce,  (exports  and  imports.) 

9  Cities  and  towns,  (capital,  seaports  and  manufacturing  towns.) 

10  Traveling  facilities. 

11  Inhabitants,  (population,  manners  and  customs.) 

12  Government. 

13  Education  and  Religion. 

14  History,  (Colonial  Possessions.) 

15  Miscellaneous.    (Natural  curiosities,  places  and  objects  of  interest,  distinguished 
persons,  &c,) 


PUBLISHERS'    NOTICE. 


At  the  recitation,  the  facts  obtained  should  be  given  without  questions,  by  the  pupil 
while  standing  by  the  outline  map  and  pointing  out  all  places  to  which  he  refers.  When 
a  pupil  has  recited  the  topic  assigned  to  him,  opportunity  may  be  given  to  others  to  add 
any  facts,  to  draw  inferences,  or  to  ask  questions  which  will  lead  to  a  more  full  discus- 
sion of  the  topic.  The  teacher  may  occasionally  find  it  profitable  to  give  out  one  or  more 
of  the  topics  for  a  written  exercise. 


PUBLISHERS'  NOTICE. 


The  great  popularity  which  Mitchell's  Series  of  Outline  Maps  have  acquired,  has  created 
an  urgent  necessity  for  a  Text-Book,  combined  with  the  Key  to  the  Outline  Maps,  suffi- 
ciently comprehensive  for  general  use,  and  suited  to  the  wants  of  all  classes.  Such  a  work 
it  is  believed  Camp's  Geography  will  prove  to  be. 

The  illustrations  are  mostly  new,  from  original  designs,  prepared  by  Jacob  Wells,  of 
Kew  York.  The  maps  were  drawn  by  J.  C.  Thompson,  Jr.  of  Providence,  and  were 
engraved  by  S.  H.  Clark  and  Wm.  H.  Dodd,  of  this  city. 


The  Earth. 


DEFINITIONS  OF  MATHEMATICAL  TERMS  USED  IN  GEOGRAPHY. 


Q.  What  is  a  sphere  ? 

A  solid  bounded  by  a  surface  every  point 
of  which  is  equally  distant  from  a  point  with- 
in, called  the  center. 

Q.  What  is  the  diameter  of  a  sphere  ? 

The  distance  from  one  side  to  the  other 
through  its  center. 

Q.  What  is  the  circumference  of  a  sphere  ? 

The  distance  round  it. 

Q.  What  is  the  axis  of  a  sphere  ? 

The  straight  line  about  which  it  revolves. 

Q.  What  are  the  poles  ? 

The  ends  of  the  axis.  A  hemisphere  is 
half  a  sphere. 

Q.  What  is  a  circle  ? 

A  portion  of  a  plane  bounded  by  a  curved 


line  every  point  of  which  is  equally  distant 
from  a  point  within,  called  the  center.  The 
bounding  line  is  called  the  circumference. 

NoTK.  In  Geography,  the  term  circle  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  circumference. 

Q.  What  are  great  circles  of  a  sphere  ? 

Those  which  pass  through  its  center.  All 
which  do  not  pass  through  the  center  are 
small  circles. 

Q.  What  is  an  arc  ? 

A  portion  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle. 

Q.  How  are  arcs  measured  ? 

Every  circle  is  divided  into  860  degrees, 
every  degree  into  60  minutes,  every  minute 
into  60  seconds,  and  these  are  used  for  the 
measurement  of  arcs. 


IV 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


GEOGKAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


1.    THE  EARTH. 
Q.  What  is  Geography  ? 

A  description  of  the  surface  of  the  Earth. 
Q.  What  do  we  understand  by  "  the  Earth?" 
The  globe  or  world  on  which  we  live. 
Q.  What  is  its  form  ? 

It  is  round,  or  spherical,  like  a  ball. 
Q.  Of  what  does  the  surface  of  the  earth  consist  ? 
Of  land  and  water. 


2.    LAND. 
Q.  What  portion  of  the  earth  is  land  ? 

About  one-fourth  part — the  other  three 
parts  are  water. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  divisions  of  land  ? 

Continents  and  Islands. 

Q.  What  is  a  continent  ? 

A  very  large  extent  of  land,  surrounded 
by  water,  as  the  Eastern  Continent  and  West- 
ern Continent. 

Note.  Divisions  are  sometimes  called  continents,  as 
Asia,  Africa. 

Q.  What  is  an  island  ? 

A  portion  of  land  less  than  a  continent, 
entirely  surrounded  by  water,  as  Australia. 

Q.  What  other  natural  divisions  of  land  ? 

Peninsulas,  Isthmuses,  Capes  and  Prom- 
ontories. 

Q.  What  is  a  peninsula  ? 

A  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded  by 
water.    Africa  is  a  peninsula. 

Q.  What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

A  narrow  neck  of  land  connecting  two 
large  divisions  of  land,  as  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien. 


Q.  What  is  a  cape  ? 

A  point  of  land  extending  into  the  sea,  as 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Q.  What  is  a  promontory  ? 

A  high  point  of  land  extending  into  the 
sea. 

Q.  How  is  the  earth  diversified  ? 

By  Mountains,  Hills,  Plains  and  Yalleys. 

Q.  What  is  a  mountain  ? 

A  high  elevation  of  land.,.  A  continuous 
elevation,  or  a  number  of  mountains  con- 
nected together,  is  called  a  chain  or  range  of 
mountains,  as  the  Andes.    '. 

Note.  The  tops  of  the  highest  mountains  are  covered 
with  ice  and  snow,  even  in  the  warmest  regions  of  the  earth. 

Q.  What  is  a  volcano  ? 

It  is  a  mountain  sending  forth  fire  and 
smoke,  also  lava  or  melted  stones,  from  an 
opening  at  the  top,  called  a  crater. 

Q.  What  is  a  hill? 

An  elevation  of  land  not  so  high  as  a 
mountain. 

Q.  What  is  a  plain  ? 

A  level  tract  of  land. 

Note.     High  and  extended  tracts  of  land  are  called 
Table  Lands,  or  Plateaus. 
Q.  What  is  a  valley  ? 

A  portion  of  land  situated  between  moun- 
tains or  hills. 

Q.  What  is  a  desert  ? 

A  sandy,  barren  tract  of  land. 

Note.    A  fertile  spot  in  a  desert  is  called  an  oasis. 
Q.  What  is  a  shore,  or  coast  ? 
A  portion  of  land  bordering  on  the  water ; 
as  the  Atlantic  coast — ^Long  Island  shore. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


Mountfflns,  Hills,  Plains  and  Valleys. 


3.     WATER. 

Q.  How  is  the  water  divided  ? 

Into  oceans,  seas,  archipelagoes,  gulfs,  bays, 
sounds,  channels,  straits,  lakes  and  rivers. 

Q.  What  is  an  ocean  ? 

It  is  the  largest  extent  of  water, — as  the 
Pacific  ocean. 

Q.  How  many  oceans  are  there  ? 

Five. — The  Northern,  Southern,  Pacific, 
Atlantic  and  Indian.  They  are  all  connected 
and  form  one  vast  body  of  salt  water. 

Q.  What  is  a  sea  ? 

A  collection  of  salt  water  smaller  than  an 
ocean,  and  nearly  surrounded  by  land. 

Q.  What  is  an  archipelago  ? 

It  is  a  sea  containing  many  islands. 

Note.  The  term  archipelago  is  also  applied  to  groups 
of  islands. 

Q.  What  are  gulfs  and  bays  ? 
Portions  of  the  sea  or  ocean,  extending 
into  the  land. 


Q.  What  is  a  strait  ? 

A  narrow  passage,  connecting  two  large 
bodies  of  water. 

Q.  What  is  a  channel  ? 

A  wide  strait. 

Q.  What  is  a  sound  ? 

A  strait  or  channel  that  may  be  measured 
with  lead  and  line. 

Q.  What  is  a  lake  ? 

A  body  of  water  surrounded  by  land,  ex- 
cept where  it  receives  or  discharges  its  waters. 

Note.  The  water  of  most  lakes  is  fresh.  Salt  Lakes 
are  generally  called  seas, — as  the  Caspian. 

Q.  What  is  a  river  ? 

A  large  stream  of  water,  flowing  from  its 
source  into  larger  streams  or  other  bodies  of 
water. 

Note  1.  Small  streams  are  called  creeks,  rivulets, 
brooks  or  rills. 

Note  2.  The  banks  of  a  river  are  the  land  bordering 
on  its  sides.  The  right  bank  is  that  on  the  right  hand  side 
as  you  descend  the  stream,  and  the  left  bank  is  on  the  op> 
posite  side. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


OCEAN 


Bodies  of  Land  and  Water. 


Q.  How  are  rivers  formed  ? 

By  a  union  of  rivulets  flowing  from  springs, 
issuing  from  high  lands,  or  from  lakes  or 
ponds. 

Q.  Where  is  the  source  of  a  river  ? 

That  place  from  which  it  begins  to  flow, 
as  a  spring  or  lake. 

Q.  What  is  the  mouth  of  a  river  ? 

The  place  where  it  discharges  its  waters. 

Note.  The  space  occupied  by  the  water  of  a  river  is 
called  its  bed  or  channeL 


4.  MAPS. 

Q.  Describe  a  map. 

A  map  is  a  picture  of  a  part  or  the  whole 
of  the  earth's  surface,  as  it  would  appear  if 
viewed  from  a  place  above  it. 

Note.    See  map  of  continent,  &c.  above. 


Q.  What  does  it  represent  ? 

The  forms  of  continents,  oceans,  islands, 
lakes,  rivers,  &c. 

Q.  In  what  direction  is  the  top  of  the  map  sup- 
posed to  be  ? 

North. 

Q.  The  bottom  of  a  map? 

South. 

Q.  The  right  hand? 

East 

Q.  The  left  hand  ? 

West. 

Q.  What  are  these  directions  called  ? 

The  cardinal  or  chief  points  of  the  com- 
pass. 


6.  HEMISPHERES. 

Q.  WTiat  does  the  word  Hemisphere  signify  ? 
Half  of  a  globe  or  sphere. 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


13 


Q.  How  many  Hemispheres  are  there  ? 
Two,  the  Eastern  and  Western. 

Note.  If  we  take  an  orange  and  cut  it  into  halves — 
then  place  them  side  by  side,  with  their  flat  surfaces  on 
the  wall,  they  will  represent  the  Hemispheres. 

Q.  "Which  IS  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ? 

The  one  on  the  right  hand. 

Q.  What  does  the  map  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 
represent  ? 

The  Eastern  side  of  the  earth ;  viz :  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa,  and  a  part  of  Oceanica, 
together  with  the  Indian  ocean,  and  parts  of 
the  Northern,  Southern,  Pacific  and  Atlan- 
tic oceans. 

Q.  Which  is  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 

The  one  on  the  left  hand. 

Q.  What  does  the  map  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
represent  ? 

The  Western  half  of  the  earth.    It  con- 


tains North  and  South  America,  and  the 
remaining  part  of  Oceanica ;  also  a  part  of 
the  Northern,  Southern,  Atlantic  and  Pacific 
oceans. 

Q.  Which  Hemisphere  contains  the  most  land  ? 

The  Eastern. 

Q.  Which  the  most  water  ? 

The  Western. 

Q,  For  what  is  the  Eastern  Continent  distinguished  ? 

For  containing  the  most  land,  the  highest 
mountains,  and  the  greatest  number  of  in- 
habitants. The  climate  is  also  warmer  than 
in  the  same  latitudes  on  the  Western  Conti- 
nent. 

Q.  For  what  is  the  Western  Continent  noted  ? 

For  the  number  and  magnitude  of  its 
lakes,  its  extended  ranges  of  mountains,  and 
the  length  of  its  rivers. 


WSSTSEK  MSlMSI'IEISIBIg, 


EASTIBIEH  HIEffiHglPIHIimEo 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


QUESTIONS  ON  MAP  OF  HEMISPHERES  AND  GRAND  DIVISIONS. 


What  Hemispheres  does  this  map  represent  ? 

What  grand  divisions  does  the  Eastern  Hemisphere 
contain  ? 

What  do  these  divisions  form  ?    Eastern  Continent. 

What  divisions  does  the  Western  Hemisphere  con- 
tain? 

What  do  these  divisions  form?  Western  Conti- 
nent. 

What  is  a  continent  ? 

What  grand  division  composed  entirely  of  islands 
lies  partly  in  each  hemisphere  ?       Oceanica, 

Which  is  the  largest  ocean  ? 

Which  is  the  second  in  extent  ? 

Which  is  the  third  in  extent  ? 

Which  is  the  fourth  in  extent  ? 

Which  is  the  smallest  ocean  ? 

What  three  seas  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  ? 

What  sea  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ? 

Where  is  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ? 

Where  is  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 

What  two  bays  in  the  Western  Hemisphere? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Guinea  ? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

What  two  bodies  of  water  are  connected  by  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar? 

What  two  bodies  of  water  are  connected  by  Beh- 
ring's  Strait  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  island  on  the  globe  ? 

Where  is  Australia  ? 

What  islands  between  North  America  and  South 
America  ? 

What  cape  south  of  Africa  f 

Where  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Farewell  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  North  America  and  South 
America  ? 

What  isthmus  connects  Asia  and  Africa  ? 

What  peninsula  north-west  of  the  Island  of  Borneo  ? 

In  what  grand  division  are  the  Himalaya  Moun- 
tains? 

In  what  grand  division  are  the  Mountains  of  the 
Moon? 

What  mountains  in  Europe  ? 

In  what  grand  division  are  the  Rocky  Moimtains  ? 

In  what  grand  division  are  the  Andes  ? 


What  large  river  in  North  America  ? 
What  large  river  in  South  America  ? 
Into  what  does  the  Amazon  flow  ? 
What  two  rivers  in  Africa  ? 
What  desert  in  Africa  ? 


6.    SIZE  AND  MOTIONS  OF  THE  EARTH. 

Q.  What  is  the  size  of  the  Earth  ? 
It  is  about  25,000  miles  in  circumference 
and  nearly  8,000  in  diameter. 

Note.  The  earth  is  not  an  exact  sphere,  the  polar  di- 
ameter being  but  7,900  miles,  while  the  equatorial  is  7,926. 

Q.  What  is  the  axis  of  the  Earth  ? 

It  is  an  imaginary  line  passing  through  its 
center,  from  north  to  south,  upon  which  it 
turns. 

Q.  What  are  the  Poles  ? 

The  ends  of  the  Earth's  axis. 

The  northern  is  called  the  north  Pole,  the 
southern  the  south  Pole. 

Note.     These  are  also  imaginary. 

Q.  What  motions  has  the  Earth  ? 

It  has  one  on  its  axis,  called  the  diurnal  or 
daily  motion,  and  one  around  the  sun,  called 
the  annual  or  yearly  motion. 

Note.  The  earth  revolves  or  turns  on  its  axis  from 
west  to  east,  once  in  twenty-four  hours ;  this  causes  day 
and  night.  It  revolves  around  the  sun  once  in  S65^  days. 
This,  with  the  inclination  of  its  axis  to  the  plane  of  its  or- 
bit, causes  the  different  lengths  of  days  and  nights,  and 
the  change  of  the  seasons. 

Note.  The  earth  has  other  motions,  which  the  pupil 
will  learn  about  in  the  study  of  Astronomy. 

Questions  on  Map.  Point  out  the  North  Pole. 
South  Pole. 


7.     CIRCLES  OF  THE  EARTH. 
Q.  What  is  the  Equator  ? 

An  imaginary  great  circle  of  the  earth 
situated  at  equal  distances  from  the  poles. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS.                                                       lY    1 

Q.  How  does  it  divide  the  earth  ? 

Q.  How  many  degrees  between  the  equator  and 

Into  two  equal  parts  called  the  Northern 

each  of  the  poles  ? 

and  Southern  Hemispheres. 

Ninety. 

Q.  How  is  the  equator  represented  on  the  map  of 

Q.  What  is  said  of  places  either  north  or  south  of 

the  hemispheres  ? 

the  equator  ? 

By  a  line  crossing  it  from  east  to  west,  and 

Those  north  of  the  equator  are  in  North 

marked  0  on  its  sides. 

Latitude,  and  those  south,  are  in  South  Lat- 

Q. What  are  the  Tropics? 

itude. 

Two  imaginary  small  circles   parallel  to 

Q.  What  of  places  on  the  equator  ? 

the  equator  and  23^°  from  it. 

They  have  no  latitude. 

The  northern  is  called  the  Tropic  of  Can- 

Q. What  is  the  length  of  each  degree  of  latitude? 

cer,  and  the  southern  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Sixty  geographical  miles,    or   sixty-nine 

Q.  What  are  the  Polar  Circles  ? 

and  a  quarter  statute  miles. 

Two   imaginary  small  circles    parallel  to 

Note.  The   geographical   mile   must   be   distinguished 

t\ie  tropics  and  23^«  from  the  poles. 

from   the  statute   mile.     The  former   may   be  longer  or 

The  northern  is  called  the  Arctic  Circle, 

shorter — the  latter  is  always  of  the  same  length. 

and  the  southern  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Q.  How  then  may  we  learn  the  distance  of  a  place 

Q.  What  are  Parallels  ? 

from  the  equator  ? 

Imaginary  circles  parallel  to  the  equator. 

By  determining  the  number  of  degrees  be- 

Q. W  lat  are  Meridians  ? 

tween  it  and  the  equator,  and  reducing  them 

Great  circles  of  the  earth,  extending  from 

to  miles. 

pole  to  pole,  cutting  the   equator  at  right 

angles. 

Questions  on  Map.     Point  out  the  Equator,     Trop- 

9. LONGITUDK. 

ic  of  Cancer.     Tropic  of  Capricorn.     Arctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  is  Longitude  ? 

Antarctic  Circle. 

Distance  east  or    west  from  some  given 

meridian. 

Q.  From    what    meridian    do  we   usually  reckon 

8.     LATITUDE. 

Longitude  ? 

Q.  What  is  Latitude  ? 

That  of  Greenwich  in  England,  which  is 

Distance  from  the  equator   either    north 

marked  0  on  the  map,  and  is  called  the  first 

or  south. 

meridian. 

Q.  How  is  Latitude  represented  ? 

Q.  What  is  the  custom  of  different  nations  in  this 

By  lines  crossing  the  map  from  the  right 

respect  ? 

to  the  left,  and  numbered  on  its  sides. 

To  reckon  longitude  from  their  capitals,— 

Q.  What  are  these  lines  called  ? 

as  the  United  States,  from  Washington  city. 

Parallels  of  Latitude,   because  they  pass 

Q.  How  is  Longitude  represented  ? 

around  the  earth  parallel  with  the  equator. 

By  lines  extending  from  the  top  to  the 

Q.  What  do  the  figures  attached  to  the  parallels  of 

bottom  of  the  map. 

Latitude  show  ? 

Q.  What  are  these  lines  called  ? 

The  number  of  degrees  of  Latitude. 

Meridians  of  Longitude. 

Q.  Where  do  we  begin  to  reckon  the  degrees  of 

Q.  Where  are   the  degrees   of  longitude  usually 

latitude? 

marked  on  the  maps  ? 

At  the  equator. 

On  the  map  of  the  world,  they  are  marked 

18 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


on  the  equator ;  but  on  other  maps  thej  are 
usually  placed  at  the  top  and  bottom. 

Q.  How  many  degrees  of  longitude  are  there  ? 

Beginning  at  the  first  meridian  there  are 
180  degrees  of  East  Longitude,  and  180  de- 
grees of  West. 

Q.  How  many  degrees,  then,  around  the  earth  ? 

Three  hundred  and  sixty. 

Q.  What  longitude  have  places  on  the  first  meridian? 

No  Longitude. 

Q.  How  can  you  tell  whether  the  longitude  of  a 
place  be  East  or  West  ? 

If  the  figures  or  degrees  increase  from  left 
to  right,  the  longitude  is  East ;  if  they  in- 
crease from  right  to  left,  it  is  West. 

Q.  What  is  the  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude  ? 

It  is  sixty-nine  and  a  quarter  miles  on  the 
equator,  but  the  degrees  constantly  lessen 
from  the  equator  to  the  poles,  where  they 
cease  to  have  any  length.* 


10.  ZONES. 
Q.  What  are  Zones  ? 

Divisions  of  the  earth's  surface  formed  by 
the  tropics  and  the  polar  circles. 

Note.  The  word  Zone  means  a  belt ;  hence  it  is  applied 
to  these  portions  of  the  earth'  s  surface,  because  they  sur- 
round the  earth  like  a  belt. 

Q.  How  many  Zones  are  there  ? 

Five.— The  North  Frigid ;  the  South  Frigid; 
the  North  Temperate ;  the  South  Temperate, 
and  the  Torrid  Zone. 
•  Q.  Which  is  the  North  Frigid  ? 

That  part  of  the  earth  which  lies  around 
the  north  pole,  within  the  arctic  circle. 

Q.  Which  is  the  South  Frigid  ? 

That  part  of  the  earih  which  lies  around 
the  south  pole,  within  the  antarctic  circle. 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  these  Zones  ? 

They  are  the  coldest  parts  of  the  earth, 
being  covered  with  snow  and  ice  nearly  all 
the  year.  Hence  they  are  called  the  Frigid 
Zones. 

*See  page  29th,  Table. 


Q.  Do  they  produce  any  grain  or  fruits  ? 

Neither  grain  nor  esculent  fruits  are  culti- 
vated, and  the  trees  are  few  and  small. 

Q.  What  animals  are  found  ? 

Only  the  most  hardy  kinds,  as  the  white 
bear,  musk  ox,  reindeer  and  seal. 

Q.  AVhat  can  you  say  of  their  inhabitants  ? 

No  inhabitants  have  been  found  in  the 
South  Frigid  Zone.  Those  of  the  North 
Frigid  Zone  are  few  in  number,  and  gener- 
ally uncivilized. 

Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  is  embraced  by 
the  North  Temperate  Zone  ? 

That  part  situated  between  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  and  the  Arctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  part  by  the  South  Temperate  Zone  ? 

That  part  situated  between  the  Tropic  of 
Capricorn  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  the  Temperate  Zones  ? 

Generally  mild  and  pleasant,  but  in  some 
parts  variable. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  their  productions  ? 

They  are  numerous  and  important. — 
Among  them  are  the  various  grains,  such 
as  wheat,  rye^  oats,  Indian  corn  ;  cotton,  rice 
and  the  sugar  cane ;  also  many  other  useful 
and  beautiful  productions  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

Q.  What  animals  &re  found  in  great  numbers  and 
variety  ? 

The  domestic, — as  the  horse,  ox,  cow, 
sheep,  goat,  swine,  &c. 

Q.  What  may  be  said  of  their  minerals  ? 

They  are  rich  and  abundant,  embracing 
almost  every  variety. 

Q.  For  what  is  the  North  Temperate  Zone  more 
particularly  distinguished  ? 

For  containing  the  most  important  coun- 
tries, the  most  powerful  nations,  and  the  lar- 
gest portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth. 

Q.  How  may  the  inhabitants  of  these  Zones  be 
characterized  ? 

By  their    possessing    fairer  complexions, 

more  regular  features,  stronger  intellects,  and 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


greater  energy  of  character,  than  the  inhab- 
itants of  either  of  the  other  zones. 
Q.  Where  is  the  Torrid  Zone  situated  ? 

On  both  sides  the  equator,  between  the 
tropics  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn. 

Q.  What  is  its  climate  ? 

It  is  the  warmest  part  of  the  earth.  Snow 
and  ice  are  here  never  seen,  except  on  the 
tops  of  the  highest  mountains.  For  this  rea- 
son it  is  called  the  Torrid  Zone. 

Q.  What  are  the  productions  of  this  zone  ? 

Tea,  coffee,  pepper,  spice,  cloves,  nutmegs, 
rice,  oranges,  lemons,  and  various  other  fruits. 
It  has  also  a  rich  variety  and  profusion  of 
the  flowering  shrubs,  which  render  the  scene- 
ry beautiful  in  the  extreme. 


Q.  What  animals  are  peculiar  to  this  zone  ? 

The  largest  and  most  powerful  in  the 
world, — as  the  elephant,  the  lion,  camelopard, 
rhinoceros,  tiger,  hippopotamus,  camel,  &c. 

NoTK.  Ivory,  the  tusks  of  elephants,  is  chiefly  found 
in  this  zone. 

Q.  Describe  its  inhabitants. 

They  are  generally  of  a  dark  complexion, 
and  with  a  few  exceptions  deficient  in  intel- 
ligence, industry  and  enterprise. 

Q.  To  what  is  the  Torrid  Zone  subject? 

The  most  violent  storms  of  wind,  which 
often  prostrate  every  thing  in  their  way. 
Also  to  destructive  earthquakes  and  deadly 
diseases. 


QUESTIONS  TO  BE  ANSWERED  FROM  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 


In  what  latitude  is  North  America  ?  South  Amer- 
ica? Europe?  Asia?  Africa?  Australia?  What 
is  the  latitude  of  Cape  Farewell  ?  Cape  Horn  ?  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  ?     Behring's  Strait  ?    Borneo  ? 

What  is  the  longitude  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ? 
Isthmus  of  Suez  ?  Cape  St.  Roque  ?  Cape  Horn  ? 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?    Madagascar  ? 


In  what  zones  is  North  America  ?  South  America  ? 
Europe  ?  Asia  ?  Africa  ?  What  seas  .ind  bay  in 
the  Torrid  Zone  ?  What  sea  and  bays  in  the  North 
Temperate  Zone  ?  What  bay  in  the  North  Frigid 
Zone  ?  What  is  the  width  of  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  of 
the  North  Temperate  ? 


tab 


THE     WORLD.. 

SQUAEE    MILES,    190,000,000. 

POPULATION,    1,000,000,000. 

KEY  TO  m:a.i>  ]sro.  1.                     1 

GRAND  DIVISIONS. 

14  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 

1  North 'America, 

15  Sea  of  Yesso, 

2  South  America, 

16  Sea  of  Japan, 

3  Europe, 

11  Yellow  Sea, 

4  Asia, 

18  Eastern  Sea, 

5  Africa, 

19  China  Sea, 

6    OCEANICA. 

20  Gulf  of  Siam, 

21  Bat  of  Bengal, 

22  Ska  of  Arabia, 

23  Persian  Gulf, 

POLES,  CIRCT,ES  AND  ZONE& 

24  Red  Sea, 

7  North  Polk, 

25  Gulf  of  Guinea, 

8  South  Pole, 

26  Mediterranean  Sea, 

9  Equator, 

27  Bat  of  Biscat, 

10  Tropic  of  Canckr, 

28  North  Sea, 

11  Tropic  of  Capricorn, 

29  Baltic  Sea, 

12  Arctic  Circle, 

30  White  Sea, 

13  Antarctic  Circle, 

81  Gulf  of  Obi. 

14  Torrid  Zone, 

82  Black  Sea, 

15  North  Temperate  Zone, 

83  Caspian  Sea, 

16  South  Temperate  Zonk, 

84  Aral  Sea. 

17  North  Frigid  Zone, 

18  South  Frigid  Zone. 

STRAITS  AND  CHANNETA 

35  Behring's  Strait, 

OCEANS. 

86  Davis'  Strait, 

1  Northern  or  Arctic, 

37  Hudson's  Strait, 

2  Atlantic, 

88  Magellan  Strait, 

3  Pacific, 

39  Torres  Strait, 

4  Indian, 

40  Bass  Strait, 

6  Southern. 

41    SuNDA  Strait, 

42  Malacca  Strait, 
>          '.43  Bab-el-Mandeb  Strait, 

•  44  Mozambique  Channel, 

SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

y            <45  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 

6  Baffin's  Bay,                                               *' 

■r  46  English  Channel. 

1  Hudson's  Bat, 

8  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 

, 

9  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

10  Caribbean  Sea, 

ISLANDS. 

11  Bat  of  Panama, 

47  Prince  William's, 

12  Gulf  of  California,                                      > 

^              48  Greenland, 

18  Kautchatka  Sea, 
■ : ^^^ 

49  Iceland, 

THE   WORLD. 

.3  ! 

50  Newfoundland, 

102  Celebes, 

51  Azores, 

103  Borneo, 

62  Bermudas, 

104  Java, 

53  West  India, 

105  Sumatra, 

54  Cape  Yerde  Islands, 

106  Ceylon, 

55  Joannes, 

107  Madagascar, 

56  Falkland, 

108  Mascarentia, 

61  Terra  del  Fuego, 

109  St.  Paul's, 

68  South  Georgia, 

110  Kerguelen, 

59  Sandwich  Land, 

111  Crozet, 

60  South  Orkney, 

112  Antarctic  Continent, 

61  South  Shetland, 

113  Enderby  Land, 

62  Graham's  Land, 

114  Tristan, 

63  Victoria  Land, 

115  St.  Helena, 

64  Balleny  Islands, 

116  Ascension, 

65  Juan  Fernandez, 

117  Canary, 

66  St.  Felix, 

118  Madeira, 

67  Gallipagos, 

119  Great  Britain, 

68  Aleutian, 

120  Ireland. 

69  Sandwich, 

70  Palmyras, 

Tl  Marquesas, 

12  Pitcairn's, 

CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS 

is  Society, 

121  Pt.  Barrow, 

74  New  Zealand, 

122  Cape  Farewell, 

75  Navigator's, 

123  Cape  Race, 

76  Friendly, 

124  Cape  Sable,  N.  S. 

77  New  Caledonia, 

125  Peninsula  of  Florida, 

78  New  Hebrides, 

126  Cape  Sable,  F. 

79  Solomon, 

127  Cape  St.  Roque, 

80   MULGRAVE, 

128  Cape  Horn, 

81  Radack, 

129  Cape  Blanco, 

82  Spitzbergen,                                           • 

130  Caps  St.  Lucas, 

83  Nova  Zembla, 

131  Peninsula  of  Californul, 

84  New  Siberia, 

132  Peninsula  of  Alaska, 

85  Koorile, 

133  Cape  Prince  of  Wales, 

86  Saghalien, 

134  Cape  East, 

87  Yesso, 

135  Cape  North, 

88  Niphon, 

136  Cape  North-east, 

89  Magellan's  Archipelago, 

137  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka, 

90  Loo  Choo, 

138  Peninsula  of  Corea, 

91  Formosa, 

139  Peninsula  of  Malacca, 

92  Philippine, 

140  Cape  Comorin, 

93  Ladronk, 

141  Cape  Guardafui, 

94  Caroline, 

142  Cape  Good  Hope, 

95  New  Ireland, 

143  Cape  Verde. 

96  New  Georgia, 

97  New  Guinea, 

98    LOUISIADE, 

MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 

99  Australia, 

144  Rocky, 

100  Van  Diemen's  Land, 

145  Alleghany, 

101  Spice, 

146  Andes, 

i 

1 

24 

THE    WORLD.                                                                            ,        1 

U1  Geral, 

RIVERS. 

148  Brazilian, 

186  Mackenzie's, 

149   SCANDISATIAK, 

187  St.  Lawrence, 

160  Ural, 

188  Mississippi, 

161  Altai, 

189        Ohio, 

f                  152  Stanovoi, 

190        Missouri, 

t                  163  Thias  Chak, 

191        Arkansas, 

154  KuEN  LcN, 

192  Rio  Grande, 

156  Meling, 

193  Colorado, 

166  Himalaya, 

194  Columbia, 

157  Hindoo  Koarh, 

195  Orinoco, 

158  Caucasus, 

196  Amazon,  . 

159  Carpathian^ 

197        Negro, 

160  Alps, 

198            UCAYALE, 

161  Apennines, 

199         Madeira, 

162  Pyrenees, 

200    TOCANTINS, 

163  Atlas, 

201  St.  Francisco, 

164  KoNGy 

202  Rio  de  la  Plata, 

165  MaoN,. 

203        Parana, 

166  Crystax, 

204             Paraguay, 

167  Sn&w, 

205  Obi, 

168  Desert  or  Cobi^ 

206  Yenesei, 

169  Arabian  Desert^ 

207  Lena, 

170  Sahara  Desert. 

208  Amoor, 

209  HoANG  Ho, 

210  Yang  tse  Kiano, 

211  Cambodia, 

T.AKE&. 

212  Irrawaddy, 

171  Great  Bear, 

213  Brahmapootra, 

172  Great  Slate, 

214  Ganges, 

173  Athabasca, 

215  Indus, 

174  Winnipeg, 

216  Euphrates, 

175  Superior, 

•  217  Amoo, 

176  Michigan^ 

218  Ural, 

1                 177  Huron, 

219  Volga, 

1                  178  Erie, 

220  Don, 

179  Ontario, 

221  Danube, 

180  Titicaca, 

222  Nile, 

181  Tchant, 

223  Zambeze, 

1                  182  Baikal, 

224  Orange, 

1                  183  Tchad, 

225  Congo, 

184  Ukerew*, 

226  Niger, 

185  Marayi. 

RELATIVE  HEIGHT  OF  £ 

227  Senegal. 

>OME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  MOUNTAINS  ON  THE  GLOBE. 

1  Mt.  Everest,                Asia, 

29,002  feet. 

10  Mt.  TenerifiFe,            Canary  Isles,         12,200  feet. 

1         2  Aconcagua,                  S.  America, 

23,910     " 

11  Pike's  Peak,               North  America,     11,500     " 

!          3  Chimborazo,                 S.  America, 

21,424     " 

12  Etna,  Vol.,                 Europe,                  10,870     " 

4  Cotopaxi,  Vol.,            S.America, 

18,875     " 

13  Sinai,                          Asia,                        7,500     " 

5  Mt.  St.  Elias,               N.  America, 

17,900     " 

14  Mt.  Washington,       North  America,      6,234     " 

6  Popocatapetl,  VoL»     Mexico, 

17,700     •' 

15  Katahdin,                   North  America,      5,385     " 

7  Mt.  Ararat,                   Asia, 

17,300     " 

16  Hecla,  Vol.,               Iceland,                  5,110     " 

8  Mt.  Blanc,                    Europe, 

15,810     " 

17  Vesuvius,  Vol.,          Europe,                  3,968     " 

9  Mt.  Hooker,                N.  America, 

15,690     " 

^ 

THE    WORLD. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  HEMISPHERE. 


SEAS,  BAYS  AND  GULFS. 

Describe  a  sea. 

"What  sea  north  of  South  America?  10. 

Describe  a  bay. 

What  two  large  bays  in  the  northern  part  of  North 
America?  6,  7. 

Describe  a  gulf- 

What  large  gulf  on  the  southern  coast  of  North 
America?  9. 

What  gulf  west  of  the  Island  of  Newfoundland?  8. 

What  gulf  on  the  western  coast  of  North  America? 
12. 

What  bay  south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ?  11. 


STRAITS. 

Describe  a  strait. 

What  strait  separates  North  America  from  Asia  ?  35. 

What  strait  connects  BaflBn's  Bay  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean?  36. 

What  strait  at  the  southern  extremity  of  South 
America?  38. 


ISLANDS. 

Describe  an  island.  What  island  west  of  BafiBn's 
Bay?  47. 

What  island  east  of  Baffin's  Bay  ?  48. 

What  island  east  of  Greenland  ?  49. 

What  island  east  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?  50. 

What  two  clusters  of  islands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
east  of  North  America?  51,  52. 

Where  are  the  West  India  Islands  ?  53. 

What  island  does  the  Strait  of  Magellan  separate 
from  South  America  ?  57. 

What  islands  east  of  Terra  del  Fuego  ?  56,  68. 

Where  are  the  Islands  of  Juan  Fernandez  ?  65. 

"SYhat  is  the  principal  group  of  islands  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  north  of  the  Equator?  69. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  island  in  Oceanica  ?  74. 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 

Describe  a  cape. 

Which  is  the  most  western  cape  in  North  Amer- 
ica? 133. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  cape  in  the  Western 
hemisphere  ?  127. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  in  the  Western 
hemisphere?  128. 

What  is  the  most  western  cape  of  South  America? 
129. 

What  cape  west  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  130. 

What  cape  forms  the  southern  point  of  Greenland  ? 
122. 

What  two   capes   does   Behring   Strait  separate? 
133,  134. 

Describe  a  peninsula. 

What  peninsula  east  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  125, 


MOUNTAINS. 

Describe  a  mountain. 

What  range  of  mountains  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
North  America  ?  145. 

What  range  of  mountains  extends  the  whole  length 
of  North  America  ?  144. 

What  mountains  extend  the  whole  length  of  South 
America  ?  146. 


LAKES. 

Describe  a  lake. 

WTiat  five  large  lakes  in  North  America  are  con- 
nected, and  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence?  175-179. 


RIVERS. 

Describe  a  river.  What  river  flows  into  the  North- 
ern Ocean  ?  186. 

What  large  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 
rence? 187. 

Of  what  lakes  is  it  the  outlet  ?  175-179. 


26 


THE   WORLD. 


What  two  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  188, 
192. 

What  three  principal  branches  has  the  Mississippi  ? 
189-191. 

What  large  rivers  in  South  America  flow  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean?  195, 196,  202. 


What  river  flows  into  the  Rio  de  La  Plata  ?  203. 
What  river  flows  into  the  Parana  ?  204. 
What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  193. 
What  river  of  North  America  flows  into  the  Pacific 
Ocean?  194. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTEEN  HEMISPHERE. 


SEAS,  BAYS  AND  GULFS. 
What  seas  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia?  14-19. 
What  sea  on  its  southern  coast?  22. 
What  sea  between  Asia  and  Africa  ?  24. 
What  sea  between  Europe  and  Africa  ?  26. 
Europe  has  three  seas  on  its  northern  coast;  give 
their  names  ?  28-30. 

Where  is  the  Black  Sea  ?  32. 

What  two  seas  east  of  the  Black  Sea?  33,  34. 

What  sea  south  of  the  island  of  Nova  Zembla  ?  31. 

What  bay  south  of  Asia  ?  21. 

What  bay  west  of  Europe  ?  27. 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Siam?  20. 

What  gulf  has  Africa  on  its  western  coast?  25. 


CHANNELS  AND  STRAITS. 

In  what  part  of  Africa  is  the  Mozambique  Channel  ? 
44. 

What  strait  west  of  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca  ?  42. 

What  strait  between  the  island  of  Sumatra  and 
Java?  41. 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  ?  43. 

What  strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ? 
45. 


ISLANDS. 
What  islands  in  the  Northern  Ocean  ?  82-84. 
Where  are  the  Koorile  Isles  ?  85. 
What  islands  east  of  the  Sea  of  Japan?  87,  88. 
What  empire  do  they  form  ?    Empire  of  Japan. 
What  island  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  cross  ?  91. 
Mention  the  principal  islands  east  and  south  of  Asia 
in  Oceanica.  102-105,  99. 
What  island  south  of  Hindostan  ?  106. 


What  large  island  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Africa  ? 
107. 

What  land  in  the  Southern  Ocean?  113. 

Where  is  the  Island  of  St.  Helena  ?  115. 

For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  Ans.  As  the  place  of 
Napoleon's  exile  and  death. 

What  islands  on  the  coast  of  Africa  near  the  strait 
of  Gibraltar?  118. 

What  islands  west  of  Europe?  119,  120. 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 
Where  is  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?  142. 
What  cape  east  of  Africa  ?  141. 
What  peninsula  forms  the  most  southern  point  of 
Asia?  139. 

What  peninsula  east  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ?  137. 
Where  in  Europe  is  Cape  North  ?  135. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  are  the  principal  ranges  of  mountains  in  Asia  ? 
151-157.  In  Africa?  163-167. 

What  two  ranges  form  a  part  of  the  boundary  line 
between  Europe  and  Asia  ?  150,  158. 

In  what  particular  do  the  mountains  on  the  Eastern 
Continent  difier  from  those  on  the  Western  ? 

Ans.  Those  on  the  Eastern  Continent  have  the 
general  direction  of  east  and  west,  while  those  on  the 
Western,  run  north  and  south. 


LAKES. 

From  what  lake  does  the  Yenesei  flow?  182. 
What  lakes  in  Africa  ?  183-185. 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


27 


The  Races  of  Men. 


RIVERS. 

What  three  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Northern 
Ocean?  205-207. 

What  two  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Yellow  Sea  ? 
209,  210. 

What  three  principal  rivers  flow  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal?  212-214. 

Into  what  does  the  River  Indus  flow  ?  22. 

The  Persian  Gulf  receives  the  waters  of  what  river  ? 
216. 

Into  what  does  the  Nile  flow  ?  26. 

What  rivers  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa? 
225-227. 

What  two  large  rivers  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
218,  219. 

Whaf  river  flows  mto  the  Black  Sea?  221. 


11.    RACES  OP  MEN. 
Q.  How  are  mankind  divided  ? 
Into  five  races  of  men,  viz :  the  European, 


or  Caucasian,  tKe  Asiatic,  the  American,  the 
Malay,  and  the  African. 

Q.  How  is  the  European  race  distinguished  ? 

By  fair,  or  white  complexion  and  regular 
features. 

Q.  What  nations  are  included  in  the  European  race  ? 

The  people  of  Europe,  excepting  Laplan- 
ders, those  of  western  Asia,  northern  Africa, 
and  the  white  inhabitants  of  America. 

Q.  How  is  the  Asiatic  race  distinguished  ? 

By  a  yellow  complexion,  flat  forehead, 
and  small  eyes. 

Q.  What  nations  does  it  include  ? 

Those  of  Eastern  Asia,  excepting  the  Ma- 
lays, the  Finns,  Laplanders,  Greenlanders 
and  Esquimaux. 

Q.  How  is  the  Indian,  or  copper-colored  race  dis- 
tinguished ? 

By  the  red  complexion,  straight  black  hair 
and  high  cheek  bones. 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


Q.  What  nations  does  it  include  ? 

All  the  Indians  of  America  except  tlie  Es- 
quimaux and  those  of  Greenland. 

Q.  How  is  the  Malay  race  distinguished  ? 

By  a  brown  complexion  and  large  features. 

Q.  "What  nations  are  included  in  this  race  ? 

The  people  of  Malacca,  Malaysia  and  the 
Asiatic  isles. 

Q.  How  is  the  African,  or  black  race  distinguished  ? 

By  a  brownish  black  color,  low  forehead, 
dark  wooly  hair  and  thick  lips. 

Q.  What  nations  does  it  include  ? 

The  negroes  of  Africa,  Australia  and  New 
Zealand. 


12.  STAGES  OP  SOCIETY. 

Q.  On  what  does  the  social  condition  of  men  depend  ? 

On  their  progress  in  knowledge,  learning 
and  refinement;  and  on  their  skill  in  the 
mechanical  arts. 

Q.  What  do  the  different  degrees  of  advancement 
among  men  in  these  particulars  form  ? 

Various  stages  of  society. 

Q.  How  many  of  these  are  there  ? 

Four ;  viz.  Savage,  or  barbarous,  half-civ- 
ilized, civilized  and  enlightened. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  savage  nations  ? 

They  live  by  hunting,  fishing,  and  plun- 
der; dwell  in  huts  or  caverns,  and  dress  in 
the  skins  of  animals,  as  the  American  In- 
dians. 

Q.  What  is  the  condition  of  half  civilized  nations  ? 

They  understand  agriculture  and  many  of 
the  arts  tolerably  well.  They  have  written 
languages,  and  some  knowledge  of  books. 
Example ;  Chinese. 

Q.  What  nations  are  civilized  ? 

Those  which  have  a  knowledge  of  the  arts 
and  the  sciences  ;  and  who  derive  their  sub- 
sistence from  agriculture,  manufactures  and 
commerce. 


Q.  Give  examples  ? 

The  natives  of  Mexico,  Paraguay,  &c. 

Q.  For  what  are  enlightened  nations  noted  ? 

Intelligence,  enterprise,  industry,  and  their 
great  skill  in  the  arts  and  sciences.  They  are 
also  more  courteous  than  other  nations,  and 
treat  their  females  with  respect  and  polite- 
ness. 

Q.  What  nations  are  enlightened  ? 

The  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  the 
northern  and  central  European  States. 

Q.  How  are  enlightened  and  civilized  nations  dis- 
tinguished ? 

By  the  number  and  variety  of  their  public 
buildings,  and  their  works  of  national  utility, 
as  colleges,  hospitals,  libraries,  bridges, 
canals,  railroads,  &c. 


13.  GOVERNMENT. 

Q.  What  are  the  different  forms  of  government  ? 

Monarchy,  Aristocracy  and  Democracy. 

Q.  What  is  Monarchy  ? 

It  is  a  government  in  which  the  power  is 
vested  in  a  king,  or  emperor,  who  usually 
rules  during  life. 

Q.  What  is  an  absolute  Monarchy  ? 

It  is  one  where  the  will  of  the  monarch  is 
law,  as  China,  Persia. 

Q.  What  is  a  limited  Monarchy  ? 

That  in  which  the  power  of  a  monarch  is 
limited  by  a  constitution  or  law.  Great 
Britain  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

Q.  What  is  an  Aristocracy  ? 

A  government  by  the  nobles. 

Q.  What  is  a  Democracy  ? 

A  government  by  the  people. 


14.  POLITICAL  DIVISIONS. 
Q.  What  are  the  Political  Divisions  of  the  earth  ? 
Empires,  Kingdoms,  Republics,  &o. 


GEOGRAPHICAL   DEFINITIONS. 


29 


Q.  What  is  an  Empire  ? 

A  country  controlled  or  governed  by  an 
emperor.     Ex.  Russian  Empire. 

Q.  What  is  a  Kingdom  ? 

A  country  governed  by  a  king  or  queen. 

Q.  What  is  a  Republic  ? 

A  country  governed  by  men  who  are  cho- 
sen by  the  people. 

Q.  What  is  the  chief  officer  of  a  Republic  called  ? 

A  president. 

Q.  How  are  Empires,  Kingdoms  and  Republics 
subdivided  ? 

Into  Departments,  Cantons,  Provinces, 
States,  Territories,  Parishes,  Districts,  &c. 

Note.  States  are  subdivided  into  Counties,  Parishes 
or  Districts,  and  these  into  Cities,  Towns  and  Villages. 


15.  RELIGION. 

Q.  What  are  the  principal  systems  of  Religion  ? 

Christian,  Mohammedan,  Jewish  and  Pagan. 

Q.  What  nations  are  called  Christian  ? 

Those  that  believe  in  Jesus  Christ  as  a 
Saviour. 

Q.  How  are  Christians  divided  ? 

Into  Protestant,  Greek  and  Catholic. 

Q.  Who  are  Mohammedans  ? 

Those  who  believe  in  Mohammed,  who 
lived  about  600  years  after  Christ. 

Q.  Who  are  the  Jews  ? 

Those  who  believe  in  the  Old  Testament 
but  reject  the  New,  and  expect  a  Saviour  yet 
to  come. 

Q.  Who  are  Pagans  ? 

Those  who  believe  in  false  gods  and  prac- 
tice idolatry. 


16.    TABLE  OF  LONGITUDE. 
The  following  Table  shows  the  number  of  miles  in  a  degree  of  longitude  on  a  parallel  of  latitude  for  every 
five  degrees  from  the  Equator  to  the  Poles, — sixty  geographical  miles  being  taken  equal  to  sixty-nine  and 
a  quarter  statute  miles. 


Degree  of  Latitude. 

Geographical  Miles. 

Statute  Miles. 

Degree  of  Latitude. 

Geographical  MUes. 

Statute  Miles. 

0 

60.00 

69.25 

60 

38.57 

44.43 

5 

69.11 

68.85 

66 

84.41 

89.64 

10 

69.09 

68.06 

60 

80.00 

84.66 

15 

67.96 

66.76 

65 

26.86 

29.21 

20 

66.88 

64.95 

70 

20.62 

23.64 

25 

64.38 

62.64 

75 

16.68 

17.89 

80 

61.96 

59.85 

80 

10.42 

12.00 

35 

49.16 

56.62 

85 

5.23 

6.02 

40 

46.96 

62.94 

90 

0.00 

0.00 

46 

42.48 

48.88 

NORTH    AMERICA. 

SQUARE    MILES,    8,370,000. 

POPULATION,    40,000,000.                | 

KEY     TO      MA.I>     NO.    2.                         || 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

3  Pacific, 

1  Russian  America,  l  Sitka. 

4  Caribbean  Sea, 

5  Coronation  Gulf, 

2  British  America. 

6  Boothia  Gulf, 

New  Caledonia. 

"7  Baffin's  Bay, 

8  Melville  Bay, 

New  North  Wales. 

9  Disco  Bay, 

New  South  Wales. 

10  Hudson's  Bat, 

Labrador. 

11  James's  Bay, 

Canada,        l  Toronto,    2   Quebec,  3  Montreal,  4 

12  Ungava  Bay, 

Kingston. 

13  St.  Lawrence  Gulf, 

Newfoundland,  5  St.  John's, 

14  Bay  of  Fundy, 

15  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

Nova  Scotia,  6  Halifax. 

16  Bay  of  Campeacht, 

New  Brimswick,  7  Frederickton. 

1*7  Bay  of  Honduras, 

18  Bay  of  Guatimala, 

3  Greenland,  l  Upernavik,  2  Holsteinburg,   3  Suk- 

19  Gulf  of  Tehdantepec, 

20  Gulf  of  California, 

kertop,  4  New  Hernhut,  5  Lichten- 

fels,  6  Julianshaab,  "7  Lichtenau. 

21  San  Francisco  Bay, 

4  United  States,  l  Washington,  2  Boston,  3  New 

22  Gulf  of  Georgia, 

York,  4  PhUadelphia,  5  Buffalo,  6 

23  Prince  of  Wales  Archipelago, 

24  Bristol  Bay. 

Pittsburg,  7  Baltimore,  8  Charles- 

ton, 9  Savannah,  10  New  Orleans, 
11  St.  Louis,  12  Louisville,  13  Cin- 

cinnati, 14  Detroit,  16  Chicago,  16 

STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

San  Francisco. 

25  Bank's  Strait, 

5  Mexico,        1  Mexico,  2  Chihuahua,  3  Zacatecas,  4 

26  Melville  Strait, 

San  Luis  Potosi,  5  Guanajuato,  6 

2Y  Victoria  Strait, 

Guadalajara,  1  Queretaro,  8  Puebla, 

28  Prince  Regent's  Inlet, 

9  Merida. 

29  Barrow's  Strait, 

30  Wellington  Channel, 

6  Balize,        l  Balize. 

31  Lancaster  Sound, 

32  Smith's  Sound, 

7  Central  America,  i  San  Salvador,  2  Old  Guati- 

33  Davis's  Strait, 

mala,   3   New    Guatimala,   4  San 

84  Cumberland  Strait, 

Jose. 

35  Frobisher  Strait, 

36  Hudson's  Strait, 

S*?      'Rli'T  T  ICT  1?      StW  k  TT 

38  Gulf  Stream, 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

89  Florida  Strait, 

1  Arctic, 

40  Channel  of  Yucatan, 

2  Atlantic, 

41  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca, 

42  Prinok  WuiLiam  Sound, 

32 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


43  Cook's  Inlet, 

44  Norton  Soumd, 

45  Behbing's  Stbait, 


ISLANDS. 
46  Baring, 
41  Meltille, 

48  North  Georgian, 

49  Victoria  Land, 

50  Boothia, 

51  North  Detoit, 

52  Prince  "William's  Land 

53  Cumberland, 

64  Disco, 

65  Iceland, 

66  Southampton, 

67  Mansfield, 

68  Newfoundland, 

69  Anticosti, 

60  Cape  Breton, 

61  Prince  Edward's, 

62  Long  Island, 

63  Bermuda  Islands, 

64  Bahama  Islands,  1  Nassau. 

65  GUANAHANI, 

66  Cuba,  1  Havana,  2  Matanzas,  3  Puerto 

Principe,  4  Santiago  de  Cuba. 
6*7  Isle  of  Pines, 

68  Jamaica,        1  Spanish  Town,  2  Kingston, 

69  Hayti,  1  Port  au  Prince,  2  Cape  Hay- 

tien,  3  St.  Domingo. 

70  PoRTo  Rico,  1  St.  John's. 
Tl  Caribbean  Islands, 

72  Lesser  Antilles, 

73  Retillagigedo, 

74  Santa  Barbara, 

75  Vancouver's, 

76  Queen  Charlotte's, 

77  Sitka, 

78  KODIAK, 

79  Shoomagin's, 

80  NUNIVAK. 


PENINSULAS,  CAPES  AND  ISTHMUS. 

81  Labrador, 

82  Nova  Scotia, 

83  Florida, 

84  Yucatan, 


85  California, 

86  Alaska, 

87  Cape  Barrow, 

88  Cape  Bathurst, 

89  Cape  Brewster, 

90  Cape  Farewell, 
Si  Cape  Walsingham, 

92  Cape  Chudleigh, 

93  Cape  St.  Lewis, 

94  Cape  Race, 

95  Cape  Sable, 

96  Cape  Cod, 

97  Cape  Haiteras, 

98  Cape  Sable, 

99  Cape  St.  Antonio, 

100  Cape  Catoche, 

101  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios, 

102  Cape  Cobrientes, 

103  Cape  St.  Lucas, 

104  Cape  Mendocino, 

105  Cape  Orford, 

106  Cape  Flattery, 

107  Cape  Elizabeth, 

108  Cape  Romanzoff, 

109  Cape  Prince  of  Walis, 

110  Icy  Cape, 

111  Isthmus  of  Darien. 


MOUNTAINS. 

112  Rocky, 

113  Mt.  Brown, 

114  Mt.  Hooker, 

115  Arctic  Highlands, 

116  Alleghany, 

117  Sierra  Madre, 

118  CosiGuiNA  Volcano, 

119  popocatapetl, 

120  Sierra  Nevada, 

121  Cascade  Range, 

122  Mount  Fairweather, 

123  Mount  St.  Elias, 

124  Great  American  Plains. 


LAKES. 

125  Great  Bear, 

126  Great  Slave, 

127  Athabasca, 


XORTH    AMERICA.                                                                          33      1 

128  Little  Slave, 

148  Nelson, 

129  Deek, 

149  Saskatchewan, 

130  Winnipeg, 

150  Severn, 

131    WiNNIPEGOOS, 

151  Albany, 

132  Manitoba, 

162  Abbitibbeb, 

133  Lake'  of  tue  Wood*, 

153  East  Main, 

134  Superior, 

154  Great  Whai.i;, 

135  Michigan, 

155    KOKSAK, 

136  Huron, 

156  St.  Lawrence, 

Vol  Erie, 

157        Ottawa, 

138  Ontario, 

158  Mississippi, 

139  Nicaragua, 

159         Ohio, 

140  Chapala, 

160              Tennessee, 

141  Great  Salt  Lake. 

161        Missouri, 

162  Yellow  Stonb^ 

163  Arkansas, 

164        Red, 

RIVERS. 

165  Brazos, 

142  Mackenzie, 

166  Rio  Grande, 

143  Slave, 

167  Colorado, 

144  Peace, 

168        Gila, 

»145  Athabasca, 

169  Columbia, 

146  Great  Fish, 

170        Lewis, 

14Y  Churchill,                           ' 

171        Clarke's. 

QUESTIONS   ON   THE    MAP   OF  NOETH   AMEKICA. 

"What  part  of  the  globe  does  North  America  com- 

SEAS, GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

prise  ? 

\Yhat  large  gulf  south  of  the  United  States  ?  15. 

The   northern    division    of  the    Western 

What  sea  between  North  and  South  America  ?  4, 

Continent. 

What   gulf  west  of  Mexico  ?  20.     West   of  New- 

What is  its  length? 

foundland?  13.     On  the  west  coast  of  British  Amer- 

Four thousand  eight  hundred  miles. 

ica?  22. 

What  is  its  breadth  ? 

What  two  gulfs  has  British  America  on  the  north  ? 
5,  6. 

What  bay  separates   Prince  William's  Land  from 

From  two  thousand  six  hundred,  to  three 

thousand  two  hundred  miles. 

Greenland?  7. 

What  ocean  bounds  North  America  on  the  north  ?  1. 

What  two  bays  in  the  central  part  of  British  Amer- 

On the  east  ?  2.     On  the  West  ?  3. 

ica?  10,  IL 

What  isthmus  connects  it  with  South  America  ?  1 11. 

What  bay  north  of  Labrador  ?  12. 

Bound    Greenland.      Russian    America.      British 

What  bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Bruns- 

•America.    United  States.     Mexico.     Guatimala.    Ba- 

wick?  14. 

lize. 

South  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  16. 

Name   the    capital   of  British  America.      United 

East  of  Yucatan  ?  17. 

States.     Mexico.     Guatimala. 

In  the  western  part  of  California  ?  21. 

South-west  of  Russian  America?  24. 

34 


"ORTH    AMERICA. 


STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

What  strait  between  Asia  and  North  America  ?  45. 

What  straits  and  inlet  north  of  British  America  V 
25-30,  Between  British  America  and  Greenland  ?  33. 

What  sound  north  of  Baffin's  Bay  ?  32.     West  ?  31. 

What  three  straits  north  of  Labrador  ?  34-36. 

What  strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  ? 
37. 

Between  the  CTnited  States  and  Cuba  ?  39. 

What  strait  connects  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  with  the 
Pacific  Ocean?  41. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  46-51. 

Where  is  Prince  WiUiam's  Land?  52. 

What  island  in  Hudson's  Bay  ?  56. 

East  of  Greenland  ?  55.     What  west  ?  54. 

What  four  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
58-61. 

What  island  upon  the  eastern,  coast  of  the  United 
States  near  the  parallel  of  40  degrees  N.  Latitude  ?  02. 

What  group  south  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean?  63. 

Which  are  the  four  largest  islands  in  the  West 
India  group?  66,  68-70. 

What  other  islands  form  a  part  of  this  group  ? 
64,  71,  72. 

Name  some  of  the  Caribbean  Islands. 

Ans.  St  Christopher's,  Antigua,  Guadaloupe, 
Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  Barbadoes,  St.  Vincent,  Gren- 
ada, Tobago  and  Trinidad. 

What  island  south  of  Cuba  ?  67.  North  of  Strait 
of  Juan  de  Fuca  ?  75.     West  of  British  America  ?  76. 

What  islands  near  the  coast  of  Russian  America  ? 
77-80. 


PENINSULAS  AND  CAPES. 

What  peninsula  south  of  New  Brunswick?  82. 
South  of  the  United  States  ?  83.  South  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  ?  84.  West  of  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  85. 
South  of  Russian  America  ?  86. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  North  Amer- 
ica? 87. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  of  Greenland?  90. 

What  cape  has  Prince  William's  Land  ?  91. 


What  two  capes  has  Labrador  ?  92,  93. 

What  cape  east  of  Newfoundland  ?  94. 

What  cape  has  Nova  Scotia  ?  95. 

What  two  capes  on  the  eastern  coast  of  the  United 
States  ?  96,  97. 

South  of  Florida?  98.     West  of  Cuba?  99. 

What  cape  has  Yucatan  ?  100.     Guatimala?  101. 

What  cape  upon  the  western  coast  of  Mexico  ?  102. 

At  the  southern  point  of  the  Peninsula  of  California  ? 
103. 

AVbat  capes  on  the  western  coast  of  the  United 
States  ?  104-106. 

West  of  Russian  America  ?  108,  109. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountains  extend  through  North  America 
from  north  to  south?  112.  What  are  they  called  in 
Mexico?  117. 

What  range  of  mountains  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
the  United  States  ?  116. 

What  two  ranges  in  the  western  part  ?  120,  121. 

What  two  mountains  in  Russian  America  ?  122,  123. 

Where  is  Cosiguina  Volcano?  118. 


LAKES. 

What  lakes  in  British  America  drained  by  the  river 
Mackenzie?  125-128.  AVhat  by  the  river  Nelson? 
130-132. 

What  four  great  lakes  between  British  America  and 
the  United  States?  134,  136-138. 

What  large  lake  wholly  in  the  United  States  south 
of  Lake  Superior?  135. 

What  lake  in  the  United  States  west  of  the  Rocky 
M(5untair.s?  141. 

What  lake  in  Guatimala  ?  139. 


RIVERS. 
What  large  river  flows  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  142. 
What  two  flow  into  Lake  Athabasca  ?  144,  145- 
What  rivers  flow  into  Hudson's  Bay  ?  147,  148, 150. 
What  into  James's  Bay  ?  151-154. 
What  river  flows  into  Ungava  Bay  ?  155. 
Into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence?  156. 
What  is  its  principal  branch  ?  157. 


NORTH    AMERICA 


North  America. 


"What  large  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 
158. 

Mention  its  principal  tributaries.  159,  161, 163, 164. 

What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Mexico?  166. 


What  river  flows  into  the  Gulfof  California?  167. 
What  is  its  principal  branch?  168. 
What  large   river  in  the  United  States  flows  into 
the  Pacific?  169. 

What  are  its  two  principal  branches  ?  170,  171. 


DESCEIPTIYE    GEOGEAPHY. 


North  America  contains  about  8,000,000 
square  miles,  and  in  size  is  the  third  grand 
division. 

It  abounds  with  noble  rivers  and  lakes  ; 
has  two  extended  ranges  of  mountains,  and 
is  well  diversified  with  hills  and  plains. 

The  climate  is  hot  in  the  Southern  portion, 
temperate  in  the  Middle,  and  excessively 
cold  in  the  Northern. 

Almost  every  variety  of  soil  is  found. 
Its  productions  are  numerous  and  valuable. 
Among  them  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  rye, 
oats,  grass,  potatoes,  cotton,  sugar,  lumber, 
butter,  cheese,  and  honey. 


It  is  quite  rich  in  minerals,  as  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  coal,  and  iron. 

It  has  a  large  variety  of  animals,  though 
the  number  of  wild  animals  is  rapidly  dimin- 
ishing. 

America  was  discovered  by  Columbus  in 
1492.  Soon  after,  John  Cabot  discovered 
that  part  called  North  America,  and  sailed 
along  the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida. 

Previous  to  its  discovery,  rude  tribes  of 
Indians  who  roamed  the  vast  wilderness, 
and  subsisted  mainly  on  fish,  game,  and  the 
natural  productions  of  the  earth,  inhabited 
its  northern  part. 


NORTH   AMERICA, 


Collecting   Furg. 


The  southern  part  was  inhabited  by  a  half- 
civilized  race,  possessing  considerable  knowl- 
edge of  agriculture  and  the  domesrtic  arts. 
They  worshiped  the  sun,  and  made  their 
temples  flow  with  the  blood  of  human  sacri- 
fices. 

North  America  has  seven  principal  polit- 
ical divisions ;  viz.,  Greenland,  Eussian  Amer- 
ica, British  America,  the  United  States,  Mex- 
ico, Balize  and  Central  America. 

Its  principal  islands  are  Greenland,  Ice- 
land, Newfoundland  and  the  West  Indies. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  North  America  ? 
The  surface?  Climate?  Soil?  Productions?  What 
minerals  are  found  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  ani- 
mals ?  Its  discovery  ?  Who  inhabited  its  northern 
portion  ?  Who  the  southern  part  ?  What  did  they 
possess?  What  worship?  How  is  North  America 
divided  ?    Which  are  its  principal  islands  ? 


1.     GREENLAND. 

Square  miles,  380,000.     Population,  9,400. 

Greenland,  a  large  island  north-east  of  the 
continent,  is  a  cold,  elevated  region,  covered 
with  ice  and  snow  most  of  the  year.  It  pro- 
duces lichens,  mosses,  currants,  and  a  few 
flowering  shrubs.  Stinted  birch,  willow  and 
ash  trees  are  found  in  small  numbers. 

The  wild  animals  are  the  reindeer,  polar 
fox,  and  white  bear.  The  only  domestic 
animal  is  the  dog.  Sea-fowls,  fish,  seals  and 
walrus  abound,  and  furnish  the  natives  with 
most  of  their  food  and  clothing, 

Esquimaux  Indians  inhabit  it,  with  a  few 
Danes.     It  belongs  to  Denmark. 

Questions.  Describe  Greenland.  What  are  its 
productions?  Animals?  Who  inhabit  it?  To 
whom  does  it  belong  ? 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


8^ 


2.     RUSSIAN  AMERICA. 

Square  miles,  394,000.     Population,  61,000. 
Eussian  America  occupies  the  north-west 
portion  of  North  America. 

It   is  mountainous,  drearj,  and  but  par- 
tially explored. 
Its  climate  is  cold,  and  soil  sterile. 
The  productions  are  lichens,   moss  and  a 
few  shrubs. 

The  animals  are  similar  to  those  of  Green- 
land. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Esquimaux,  and 
a  few  Eussian  traders,  who  reside  there  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  furs. 

Sitka,  its  capital,  is  on  a  small  island  near 
the  coast.  It  is  defended  by  a  fort  It  con- 
tains a  foundery  and  steam  engine  factory. 
Several  small  steam  yachts  have  been  built 
here.  There  are  a  number  of  public  schools 
"fot  the  natives  and  European  children. 


Questions.  What  is  the  situation  of  Russian 
America  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  and 
soil  ?  Productions  ?  What  is  said  of  the  animals  ? 
Who  are  the  inhabitants  ?     Describe  Sitka. 


3.    BRITISH  AMERICA. 

Square  miles,  3,000,000.     Population,  2,690,000. 

British  America  is  a  vast  territory,  em- 
bracing all  the  region  north  of  the  United 
States,  excepting  Eussian  AmA-icaand  Grreen- 
land. 

It  includes  Hudson's  Bay  Territory,  Lab- 
rador, and  the  provinces  of  Canada,  New 
Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia  and  Newfoundland. 

Questions.  Describe  British  America.  What  does 
it  include  ? 

Note.  For  a  description  of  the  British  provinces  see 
Geography  of  map  No.  3. 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 

SQUAEE    MILES,    3,080,000. 

POPULATION,    2,600,000. 

KEY       TO        MA.P*        NO.        3. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS   AND  CHIEF   TOWNS. 

15  Gut  of  Canso, 

1  Hudson's  Bay  Territory. 

2  Labrador. 

3  Upper  Canada,  l  Toronto,  2  Collingwood,  3  Ot- 

tawa, 4  Brockville,  5  Kingston,  6 
Coburg,  1  Niagara,  8  Hamilton,  9 
Brantford,  10  London. 

16  Northumiserlaxd  Strait, 
IT  St.  Mary's  Strait. 

ISLANDS. 

18  Manitoulin  Isles, 

19  Orleans, 

4  Lower  Canada,  l  Montreal,  2  Three   Rivers,  3 

Quebec,  4  Sherbrooke,  5  St  John, 
6  St.  Hyacinthe. 

5  New  Brunswick,  l  Fredkricton,  2  Bathurst,  3 

Liverpool,    4    Dorchester,     5    St, 
John's,  6  St.  Andrew's. 

20  Anticosti, 

21  Magdalen  Islands, 

22  Cape  Breton, 

23  Prince  Edward's. 

6  Nova  Scotia,  l  Halifax,  2  Picton,  8  Sydney,  4 
Lunenburg,    5  Shelburne,   6  Yar- 
mouth. 

CAPES. 

24  Des  Months, 

25  Whittle, 

26  Bauld, 

7  Newfoundland,  I  St.  John's. 

21  Race, 

28  St.  Mart, 

29  Rat, 

30  North, 

81  Canso, 

82  Sable. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  &G. 

1  Atlantic, 

2  Hudson's  Bat, 

3  James's  Bat, 

4  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 

5  White's  Bat, 

6  NoTRK  Dame  Bat, 
V  Bonavista  Bat, 

8  Placentia  Bat, 

9  St.  George's  Bat, 

10  Halifax  Harbor, 

11  Bat  of  Fcndt, 

12  Bat  op  Chaxeur. 

LAKES 
83  Caniapuscaw, 

34  NiTCHEGUON, 

35  MiSTISSINNT, 

36  Abbitibbee, 
8Y  Huron, 

38  Georgian  Bat, 

39  SiMCOE, 

40  NipissiNO,                                                             1 

41  St.  Clair, 

CHANNELS  AND  STRAIT& 

13  Canadian  Channel, 

14  Bellisle  Strait, 

42  Erie, 
48  Ontario, 
44  Grand, 
46  St.  John. 

40                                                                  BRITISH    PilOVINCES. 

RIVERS. 

66      St.  Maurice, 

46  Albant, 

67      Ottawa, 

47  Moose, 

68            Gatineau, 

48  Abbitibbee, 

69            Madawaska, 

49  Harricakaw 

60  Niagara, 

50  Rupert, 

61    SOREL, 

51  East  Main, 

62  St.  Francis, 

62  Great  Whale, 

63    MiRAMICHI, 

53    KOKSAK, 

64  St.  John, 

64  St.  Lawrence, 

65  St.  Croix. 

65        Saguesay, 

QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  BKITISH  PKOYINCES. 

Bound  British  America.     In  what  part  is  Hudson's 

What  island  in  the  St.  Lawrence  near  Quebec?  19. 

j     Bay  Territory  ?     Labrador  ?     Bound  Upper  Canada. 

What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  20. 

;     Lower    Canada,      New    Brunswick.      Nova  Scotia, 

What  island  east  of  New  Brunswick  ?  23. 

Newfoundland, 

What  islands  north-east  of  Pr.  Edward's  ?  21. 

What  island  north-east  of  Nova  Scotia?  22. 

' 

What  cape  south  of  Labrador  ?  25. 

OCEANS,  SEAS  AND  BAYS. 

What  cape  at  the  northern  extremity  of  Newfound- 
land? 26.                                                                          i 

What  ocean  east  of  the  British  Provinces?  1. 

At  the  southern  extremity  ?  2T.                                    ! 

What  large  bay  in  the  northern  part  ?  2. 

At  the  southwestern  extremity  ?  29. 

What  is  its  southern  extremity  called  ?  3. 

North  of  Cape  Breton  ?  30. 

What  large  gulf  between  New  Brunswick  and  New- 

At the  eastern  extremity  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  31. 

foundland?  4. 

At  the  southern  extremity  ?  32. 

What  bays  around  Newfoundland  ?  5-9. 

What  harbor  south  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  10. 

What  bay  west  of  Nova  Scotia?  11. 

What  bay  north  of  New  Brunswick?  12. 

LAKES. 

What  lake  in  Labrador  ?  33. 

What  two  lakes  east  of  James's  Bay  ?  34,  35, 
What  lake  is  the  source  of  the  Abbitibbee  ?  86. 

STRAITS  AND  CHANNET,S. 

What  lakes  between  Canada  and  the  United  States  ? 

What  channel  between  Canada  and  Anticosti  ?  13, 

37,  41-43. 

What  strait  between  Labrador  and  Newfoundland  ? 

What  bay  connects  with  Lake  Huron?  38, 

14, 

What  lakes  wholly  in  Canada?  39,  40,  44,  45. 

What  strait  between  Nova  Scotia  and  Cape  Breton  ? 
15.           » 
What  strait  between  Nova  Scotia  and  Prince  Ed- 

ward's? 16. 

RIVERS. 

What  strait  connects  lakes  Superior  and  Huron  ?  17. 

What  rivers  flow  into  James's  Bay  ?  46-51. 

What  river  in  the  northern  part  of  Labrador  ?  53. 

What  river  is  the  outlet  of  the  great  lakes  ?  54. 
What  branches  has  it  on  the  north  ?  55-57.               i 

ISLANDS  AND  CAPES. 

Which  is  the  boundary  river  between  Upper  and 

What  island  in  the  northern  part  of  Lake  Huron  ?  18. 

Lower  Canada  ?  57. 

BRITISH   PROVINCES. 


41 


Fur  Traders. 


"What  river  connects  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  ?  60. 
"Which  way  does  it  run  ? 
"What  falls  has  it  ?     Niagara  Falls. 
"What  rivers  empty  into  the  St.  Lawrence  from  the 
south  ?  61,  62. 


"What  rivers  in  New  Brunswick  ?  63,  64. 
"What  one  is  the   boundary  between  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Maine  ?  65. 


DESCEIPTIYE   GEOGKAPHY. 


1.  HUDSON'S  BAY  TERRITORY. 

Square  miles,  2,190,000.  Population,  180,000. 
The  Territory  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
comprises  the  northern  and  western  portions 
of  British  America,  extending  from  the 
Arctic  Ocean  to  the  United  States,  and  from 
Labrador  to  the  Pacific. 

With  the  exception  of  the  region  traversed 
by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  this  territory  is 
generally  level,  and  contains  a  great  number 
of  lakes  and  rivers  communicating  with 
each  other. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  is  almost 
perpetual  winter.  In  the  southern  part  the 
winters  are  very  long  and  cold,  and  the  sum- 
mers, short  and  very  warm. 

Owing  to  the  severity  of  the  climate  there 
are  few  agricultural  productions.  The  prin- 
cipal  animals    hunted  for  food,  are  deers. 


buffaloes,rabbits  and  porcupines.     "Wild  fowl 
are  also  numerous. 

The  principal  articles  of  traffic  are  the 
skins  of  fur-clad  animals,  of  which  there  are 
a  great  variety. 

Questions.  "What  does  Hudson's  Bay  Territory 
comprise  ?  "What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Its  lakes  and 
rivers  ?     Climate  ?     Productions  ? 


2.  LABRADOR. 

Square  miles,  450,000.     Population,  5,000. 

Labrador  is  an  extensive  peninsula,  lying 

between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  Atlantic,  and 

extending  from  Hudson's  Strait  to  the  Strait 

of  Belle  Isle. 

The  coast  is  mostly  bleak,  rugged  and  des- 
olate.    The    climate    is  too  cold    for  most 


BRITISH    PROYINCES. 


grains,  but  potatoes  and  some  other  vegeta- 
bles are  raised. 

The  inhabitants,  consisting  chieflj  of  Es- 
quimaux, subsist  principally  by  hunting  and 
fishing.  The  fisheries  on  the  coast  are  valu- 
able and  give  employment  to  a  large  number 
of  vessels  from  other  provinces  and  the  Uni- 
ted States. 

Many  valuable  furs  are  exported  by  the 
Hudson's  Bay  company. 

QcESTioNs.  Describe  Labrador.  Its  Coast.  Cli- 
mate. Productions.  What  is  said  of  its  inhabitants  ? 
Fisheries  ?    Exports  ? 


CANADA. 

The  province  of  Canada  embraces  a  sec- 
tion of  British  America,  lying  south  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Territory  and  Labrador,  ex- 
tending about  1,400  miles  from  east  to  west, 
and  varying  in  width  from  200  to  400  miles. 

It  was  formerly^divided  into  two  provinces, 
Upper  Canada,  lying  on  the  great  lakes  and 
west  of  the  Ottawa  river,  and  Lower  Canada, 
occupying  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa  river  to  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

The  government  of  Canada  is  similar  to 
that  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  It  con- 
sists of  a  Governor-General  appointed  by 
Her  Majesty  as  her  representative,  aided  by 
the  Executive  Council,  and  a  Provincial  Par- 
liament consisting  of  a  Legislative  Assembly 
elected  by  the  people,  and  a  Legislative 
Council  appointed  for  life  by  the  crown.  • 

The  prevailing  religion  of  Lower  Canada 
is  Roman  Catholic,  that  of  Upper  Canada, 
Protestant.  There  are  churches  of  various 
denominations  in  both. 

Canada  was  first  settled  by  the  French  in 
1541.     It  was  acquired  by  the  English  in 


1760,  and  has  since  remained  a  part  of  the 
British  Empire. 

Questions.  Give  the  situation  and  extent  of  Can- 
ada. What  is  said  of  its  divisions?  Government? 
Religion?    History? 


3.  UPPER  CANADA. 
Square  miles,  148,000.     Population,  952,000. 

Upper  Canada  has  generally  a  level  or 
slightly  undulating  surface,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  table  ridge  which  forms  the  water 
shed  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Huron, 
and  Hudson's  Bay. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  on  the  rich 
alluvial  flats  of  the  river  courses. 

The  climate  is  affected  to  some  extent  by 
the  large  lakes.  It  is  healthy,  and  highly 
favorable  to  the  growth  of  grain  and  the  pro- 
duction of  the  finest  fruits.  Wheat  is  the 
staple  product.  Peas,  rye,  barley,  oats,  buck- 
wheat, Indian  corn,  potatoes,  hemp  and  flax 
are  raised  extensively.  In  the  south  part 
peaches  and  apples  are  produced  in  great 
abundance. 

Extensive  forests  of  white  and  red  pine, 
and  other  forest  treeSjfurnish  large  quantities 
of  timber  for  exportation. 

Flowers  of  great  beauty  and  variety 
abound,  comprising  many  kinds  cultivated 
in  English  gardens. 

Iron  of  the  best  quality  is  found  in  great 
abundance.  Copper  abounds  on  Lakes  Su- 
perior and  Huron.  Silver  has  been  discov- 
ered in  small  quantities,  and  lead  and  tin 
occur  in  several  places. 

Whitefish,  lake  trout  and  sturgeon  of  great 
size  abound  in  the  large  lakes,  and  are  taken 
for  home  consumption  and  export. 

The  educational  system  of  Upper  Canada 
is  very  complete.     It  includes  provision  for 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 


Educational  Office,  Normal  and  Model  Schools,  Toronto. 


higli-collegiate  education,  grammar  and  pri- 
mary schools,  and  a  Normal  School  with 
model  schools  in  connection  for  the  special 
education  and  training  of  teachers. 

Toronto,  the  capital  of  Upper  Canada,  is 
situated  on  a  circular  bay  on  the  north-west 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  ^he  streets  gener- 
ally cross  each  other  at  right  angles.  The 
buildings  are  mostly  of  light  colored  brick, 
giving  the  town  a  pleasant  appearance.  The 
population  has  increased  with  great  rapidity. 

The  Normal  School  and  Education  Office 
for  Upper  Canada  are  located  here.  These 
buildings  are  the  most  extensive  of  their 
kind  in  North  America. 

Hamilton  is  situated  on  Burlington  Bay  at 
the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario.  It 
contains  many  fine  buildings.  It  has  manu- 
factures of  various  kinds  and  possesses  supe- 
rior commercial  advantages,  being  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  the  lake,  and  con- 
nected by  railway  with  the  best  cultivated 
part  of  the  province. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Upper 
Canada?  Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  Forests? 
What  are  its  minerals  ?    What  abound  in  the  lakes  ? 


What  is  said  of  its  educational  system  ?    Describe 
Toronto.     Hamilton. 


4.     LOWER  CANADA. 

Square  miles,  210,000.     Population,  890,000. 

The  surface  of  Lower  Canada  is  broken 
and  irregular,  and  in  the  eastern  part  moun- 
tainous, presenting  varied  and  picturesque 
scenery.  The  country  is  well-watered,  and 
though  not  as  fertile  as  Upper  Canada,  has 
a  good  soil  and  some  portions  of  it  are  high- 
ly cultivated.  The  winters  are  cold  and 
severe,  but  during  the  summers,  vegetation 
is  very  rapid. 

The  productions  are  wheat,  corn,  rye,  oats, 
peas,  flax  and  hemp.  From  the  forests  tim- 
ber of  various  kinds  and  maple-sugar  are 
obtained,  both  for  consumption  and  export. 

Iron,  copper  and  gold  are  the  most  impor- 
tant minerals. 

The  majority  of  the  inhabitants  are  of 
French  origin,  and  still  speak  the  French 
language. 

Montreal^  on  an  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  is  favorably  situ- 


4t 


BRITISH  PROVINCES. 


Falls  of  Montmorenci. 


ated  for  intercourse  with,  both  provinces  and 
with  the  United  States.  The  buildings  are 
principally  of  a  grayish  limestone.  Some 
of  the  public  edifices  are  magnificent  struc- 
tures. Its  quays,  also  built  of  cut  limestone, 
are  unsurpassed  in  America.  The  Victoria 
bridge  across  the  St,  Lawrence,  now  in  pro- 
cess of  construction,  (1857,)  will  be  one  of 
the  most  stupendous  and  imposing  structures 
in  the  world.  It  consists  of  a  wrought  iron 
box  twenty  feet  deep,  sixteen  feet  wide  and 
seven  thousand  feet  long,  supported  by  tow- 
ers of  stone,  and  will  be  used  for  the  trains 
of  the  Grand  Trunk  railway. 

Quebec,  the   most   ancient   and  important 
port  in  Canada,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank 


of  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  about  one  hundred 
and  eighty  miles  north-east  from  Montreal. 
It  has  a  picturesque  situation,  and  is  divided 
into  the  upper  and  lower  towns;  the  former 
on  the  highest  part  of  the  promontory  of 
Cape  Diamond,  the  latter  at  its  base.  It  con- 
tains several  conspicuous  public  buildings 
and  the  strongest  fortress  in  America.  Near 
it  are  tiie  plains  of  Abraham,  famous  as  the 
scene  of  Wolfe's  victory  and  death  in  1769, 
and  the  death  of  Montgomery  in  1775. 

It  is  engaged  extensively  in  trade,  partic- 
ularly in  the  exportation  of  lumber. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Lower 
Canada?  Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  Miner- 
als ?    Inhabitants  ?    Describe  Montreal.     Quebec. 


BRITISH    PROVINCES. 


5.     NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

Square  miles,  27,700.     Population,  194,000. 

The  province  of  New  Brunswick  is  situ- 
ated between  Maine  and  the  Grulf  of  St. 
Lawrence. 

The  surface  is  varied ;  mountain  ridges, 
and  sheltered  valleys  and  plains,  alternating 
with  each  other. 

The  soil  is  fertile ;  the  climate  is  subject 
to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

A  great  part  of  the  province  is  covered 
with  dense  forests  which  furnish  large  quan- 
tities of  timber.  Oats,  rye,  barley  and  the 
fruits  of  northern  New  England  are  the 
chief  products. 

The  coal  fields  are  said  to  extend  over 
10,000  square  miles.  Iron  and  copper  are 
abundant,  and  large  deposits  of  manganese 
and  plumbago  have  been  discovered. 

The  rivers,  lakes  and  sea-coasts,  abound 
with  fish  which  are  taken  in  great  quantities. 

Almost  the  whole  province  can  be  reached 
by  its  streams.  Several  railways  are  com- 
pleted, or  in  progress.  The  great  extent  of 
sea-coast,  with  its  numerous  bays,  furnishes 
excellent  facilities  for  commerce. 

In  each  county  are  several  grammar  and 
other  schools. 

The  affairs  of  the  province  are  adminis- 
tered by  a  Lieutenant  Governor,  aided  by 
an  Executive  Council,  a  Legislative  Council, 
and  a  House  of  Assembly  chosen  by  the 
people.' 

New  Brunswick  was  first  settled  by  the 
French  in  1639  and  remained  in  their  pos- 
session till  1760,  when  it  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  British.  It  was  formed  into  a  distinct 
province  in  1784. 

Fredericton,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river  St.  John.  It  is 
regularly  laid  out  and  a  place  of  considera- 
ble trade. 


St.  John^s  is  situated  on  a  rocky  peninsula 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  river.  It 
stands  on  a  declivity  and  presents  an  im- 
posing appearance  to  persons  approaching 
from  the  sea.  Its  harbor  is  safe  and  capa- 
cious and  never  obstructed  by  ice. 

Questions.  How  is  New  Brunswick  situated? 
What  is  said  of  its  surface?  Soil?  Climate?  For- 
ests ?  Productions  ?  Coal  fields  ?  Other  minerals  ? 
With  what  do  its  rivers  and  lakes  abound  ?  What 
are  its  facilities  for  commerce  ?  What  is  said  of  its 
schools?  Government?  History?  Describe  Fred- 
ericton.     St.  John's. 


6.    NOYA  SCOTIA. 

Square  miles,  19,000.*     Population,  276,000.* 

Nova  Scotia  is  a  large  peninsula  lying 
south-east  of  New  Brunswick,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  an  isthmus  fifteen  miles 
wide.  It  contains  no  mountains  of  great 
magnitude.  A  broad  belt  of  high  and  broken 
land,  extends  along  the  Atlantic  shores. 

The  surface  is  undulating  throughout  and 
highly  picturesque.  The  numerous  rivers 
and  lakes  form  an  interesting  feature  in  the 
province. 

The  soil  varies  greatly  in  productiveness. 
The  climate  is  remarkably  temperate,  consid- 
ering its  high  northern  latitude.  Dense  fogs 
are  prevalent  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  bar- 
ley, rye,  oats,  buckwheat  and  potatoes. 

Large  quantities  of  apples  are  raised  in  the 
western  counties. 

Coal,  iron  and  copper  are  abundant.  '  Sil- 
ver and  lead  are  found  to  some  extent. 
Large  quantities  of  gypsum  are  exported. 

Its  fisheries  give  employment  to  a  great 
number  of  men  and  boats. 

♦Including  Cape  Breton. 


BRITISH   PROVINCES. 


Cod  and  Mackerel  Fisheries. 


It  has  over  1,200  miles  of  sea-coast,  pen- 
etrated by  the  finest  bays  in  the  world,  which 
are  open  to  navigation  throughout  the  year, 
giving  it  superior  commercial  advantages. 

The  eastern  arm  of  the  bay  of  Fundy, 
called  Mines  Bay,  is  remarkable  for  the 
height  of  its  tides,  which  sometimes  rise 
sixty  or  seventy  feet. 

The  inhabitants  consist  principally  of  de- 
scendants of  the  English,  Scotch  and  Irish, 
who  now  form  but  one  race  living  in  perfect 
harmony. 

It  is  subject  to  Great  Britain,  the  govern- 
ment being  similar  to  that  of  New  Brunswick. 

Nova  Scotia  was  first  discovered  by  the 
Cabots  in  1497. 

Halifax  is  a  seaport,  situated  on  Halifax 
Harbor.  Its  streets  are  spacious  and  cross 
each  other  at  right  angles.  It  has  extensive 
steam  communication  with  the  United  States 
and  West  Indies,  and  is  the  port  at  which 
the  Cunard  mail  steamers  touch  on  their 
voyages  to  and  from  Europe.  It  is  also  the 
terminus  of  the  railroad  designed  to  connect 
Quebec  with  the  Atlantic. 

Questions.  How  is  Nova  Scotia  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  mountains  and  shores  ?    What  is  its  sur- 


face? Soil?  Climate?  What  are  its  productions? 
Minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  its  fisheries  ?  Describe  its 
sea-coast.  Mines  Bay.  Its  inhabitants.  Govern- 
ment. When  and  by  whom  was  Nova  Scotia  discov- 
ered ?    Describe  Halifax. 


CAPE  BRETON. 

Cape  Breton  has  long  been  celebrated  for 
its  fisheries;  the  principal  are  cod  and  mack- 
erel. Large  quantities  of  excellent  ship 
timber  are  exported. 

It  is  a  colony  under  Nova  Scotia,  and 
sends  two  members  to  its  House  of  Assembly. 

Sydney,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island, 
is  situated  near  the  famous  Sydney  coal  mines. 
It  has  an  excellent  harbor. 

Lunenburg  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade. 

■QuESTious.  For  what  is  Cape  Breton  celebrated  ? 
With  what  province  is  it  united  in  government? 
Describe  Sydney.     Lunenburg. 

Note,  The  extent  and  population  of  Cape  Breton  are 
included  in  those  of  Nova  Scotia. 


7.    NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Square  miles,  3fi,000,     Population,  102,000. 
Ne^vfour^rIlnr^d   is   a  large   island    in    the 


BRITISH   PROVINCES. 


47 


moutli  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and 
nearer  to  Britain  than  any  other  part  of 
America. 

It  is  very  irregular  in  form,  its  coast  being 
indented  with  numerous  bays  and  harbors. 

The  interior  of  the  country  has  an  uneven 
and  rocky  surface  with  numerous  rivers  and 
lakes. 

The  climate  is  severe  but  healthful.  In 
May  and  the  beginning  of  June  dense  fogs 
prevail  on  the  "Banks,"  and  neighboring 
shores.  Much  of  the  soil  is  unfit  for  culti- 
vation, though  some  parts  of  the  island  are 
fertile,  producing  grain,  grapes,  and  potatoes. 
The  principal  forest  trees  are  spruce,  birch, 
larch,  willow  and  mountain-ash. 

The  minerals  are  coal,  gypsum,  lead,  cop- 
per and  iron. 

The  Grand  Bank  of  Newfoundland  forms 
the  most  extensive  submarine  elevation  on 
the  globe,  and  swarms  with  cod  and  other 
varieties  of  fish.  The  greater  part  of  the 
population  are  engaged  in  the  fisheries. 

The  government  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
other  British  North  American  colonies. 

All  religious  sects  are  tolerated.  Consid- 
erable attention  has  been  given  to  education, 
and  various  grades  of  schoola  have  been 
established. 


A  submarine  telegraph,  eighty- five  miles 
in  length,  is  laid  across  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence, connecting  Newfoundland  with  Nova 
Scotia,  and  by  continuous  lines  with  the  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  United  States. 

The  Ocean  telegraph  connects  Newfound- 
land with  Ireland.* 

St.  John's,  the  capital,  is  the  most  east- 
ern seaport  in  North  America,  and  only 
1665  miles  from  Galway  in  Ireland.  It  has 
a  fine  harbor  enclosed  by  two  mountains, 
and  defended  by  numerous  batteries  and  for- 
tifications. The  town  consisting  principally 
of  one  street,  has  many  good  buildings,  and 
is  improving  in  regularity  and  appearance. 

Questions.  What  is  Newfoundland?  How  is  it 
situated?  What  is  its  form?  Surface?  Climate? 
Soil?  What  are  its  productions?  Forest  trees? 
Minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  the  Grand  Bank  ?  Occu- 
pation of  the  inhabitants  ?  Government  ?  Religion  ? 
Education?  Submarine  Telegraph?  Describe  St 
John's. 


4.  UNITED  STATES.    5.  MEXICO.    6.  BALIZE. 

For  a  description  of  these  countries,  sea  Geography 
of  Map  Xo.  4. 


*  Connection  made  Auguat  6th,  1868. 


UNITED    STATES  AND    MEXICO. 

SQUAKE    MILES,    3,800,000.       POPULATION,    34,600,000. 


KEY   TO   M^I^    NO.   4r. 


STATES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  Maine,  l  AuatrsTA,   2  Bangor,  8  Eastport,  4 

Bath,  5  Portland.  , 

2  M"ew  Hampshire,  l   Coxcoud,   2  Portsmouth,  3 

Manchester,  4  Nashua, 

3  Vermont,     l  Montpelikr,   2  Burlington,  8  Brat- 

tleboro. 

4  Massachusetts,  l  Boston,  2  Lowell,  3  New  Bed- 

ford, 4  Worcester,  5  Springfield, 

5  Rhode  Island,  l  pRoriDENCE,  2  Newpoht. 

6  Connecticut,  l  Hartford,  2  New  Haten,  8  New 

London. 

7  New  York,  1  Albany,  2  New  York,  3  Brooklyn,  4 

BuflFalo,  6  Rochester,  6  Syracuse, 
7  Utica,  8  Oswego,  9  Ogdensburg, 
10  Plattsburg,  11  Whitehall,  12 
Troy,  13  Ebnira,  14  Dunkirk. 

8  New  Jersey,  l  Trenton,  2  Paterson,  8  Newark, 

9  Pennsylvania,  l  HARRiaBtJRO,   2  Philadelphia,  3 

Erie,  4  Wilkesbarre,  5  Pottsville, 
6  Reading,  1  Lancaster,  8  Carlisle, 
9  Lewistown,  10  Somerset,  11 
Pittsburg, 

10  Delaware,  l  Doter,  2  Wilmington. 


11  Maryland, 


Annapolis,  2  Baltimore,  8  Easton,  4 
Cumberland. 


12  District  of  Columbia,  l  Washington, 

13  Virginia,      1  Richmond,  2  Wheeling,  3  Harper's 

Ferry,  4  Fredericksburg,  5  Peters- 
burg, 6  Norfolk,  1  Lynchburg. 

14  North  Carolina,  l  Raleigh,  2  Edenton,  3  New- 

bern,  4  Beaufort,  6  Wilmington,  6 
Eayetterille. 


15  South  Carolina,  l  Columbia,  2  Abbetille,  3  Cam- 

den, 4  Georgetown,  5  Charleston. 

16  Oeorgia,      1  MiLLEDOEritLE,  2  Atlanta,  3  Augusta, 

4  Savannah,  5  Darien,  6  Columbus, 
1  Macon. 

17  Florida,        1  Tallahassee,  2  Pensacola,  3  Appala- 

chicola,  4  St,  Augustiue,  6  Key 

West, 

18  Alabama,    1   Montgomery,  2  Huntsrille,  3  We- 

tumpka,  4  Tuscaloosa,  5  Mobile. 

19  Mississippi,  1  Jackson,  2  Columbas,  8  Natchez,  4 

Vicksburg. 

20  Louisiana,  l   Baton  Rouge,   2  New    Orleans,  3  ^ 

Natchitoches,  4  Shrereport, 

21  Texas,  1  Austin,  2  Houston,  3  Galreston,  4 

Matagorda,  5  Goliad,  6  Corpus 
Christi,  7  Rio  Grande  City. 

22  Arkansas,  1  Little  Roc^  2  Helena,  3  Coltimbia, 

4  Van  Buren,  5  Batesrille. 

23  Missouri,     1  JErPERsoN  Citt,  2  Independence,  3 

Lexington,  4  St.  Charles,  6  St. 
Louis,  6  Potosi. 

24  Tennessee,  l  Nashtille,  2  Enoxville,  3  Murfrees- 

boro',  4  Columbia,  5  Memphis,  6 
Jackson. 

25  Kentucky,  1  Frankfort,  2  Louisville,  3  Maysrille, 

4  Georgetown,  5  Lexington,  6 
Bowling  Green,  V  Paducah. 

26  Ohio,  1  Columbus,  2  Toledo,  3  Sandusky,  4 

Cleveland,  5  Steubentille,  6  Zancs- 
TiUe,  1  Lancaster,  8  Portsmouth, 
9  Chillicothe,  10  Cincinnati,  11 
Dayton. 


UNITED    STATES. 


27  Indiana,       l   Indianapolis,    2  Michigan  City,   3 

5  Massachusetts  Bay, 

South   Bend,   4  Madison,  5  New 

6  Narragansett  Bay, 

Albany,  6  Evansville,  1  Vincennes, 

7  New  York  Bay, 

8  Terre  Haute,  9  Lafayette. 

8  Delaware  Bay, 

y       9  Chesapeake  Bay, 

28  Illinois,       l  Springfield,  2  Galena,  3  Chicago,  4 

10  Chatham  Bay, 

Cairo,  5  Alton,  6  Quiacy,  1  Peoria, 

11  Charlotte  Hardor, 

8  Kock  Island. 

12  Tampa  Bay, 

29  Michigan,   1  Lansino,  2  Saut  St.  Marie,  3  Detroit, 
4  Ann  Arbor,  5  Monroe,  6  Adrian, 
7  Jackson,  8  Kalamazoo,  9  Grand 

13  Appalachee  Bay, 

14  Pensacola  Bay, 

15  Mobile  Bay, 

Haven. 

16  Galveston  Bay, 

17  Matagorda  Bay, 

30  Wisconsin,  l  Madison,  2  Green  Bay,  3  Fond  du 

18  Corpus  Christi  Bay, 

Lac,    4  Milwaukie,    5  Racine,    6 

19  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

Janesville,   7  Prairie  du  Chien,  8 

20  Gulf  of  California, 

La  Crosse. 

21  San  Diego  Bay, 

22  Monterey  Bay, 

31  Iowa,            1  De3  Moines,    2  Dubuque,  3  'Daven- 

23 San  Francisco  Bat, 

port,  4  Muscatine,  5  Burlington,  6 

24  Humboldt  Bay, 

Council  Blufif,  1  Iowa  City. 

25  Gulf  of  Georgia. 

32  California,  l  Sacramento,  2  Placer  City,  3  Marys- 

ville,  4  Benicia,  5  Stockton,  6  So- 

nora,  7  San  Jose,  8  San  Francisco, 

SOUNDS  AND  STRAITS. 

9  Monterey,  10  San  Diego. 

26  Long  Island  Sound, 

' 

27  Albemarle  Sound, 

33  Minnaiota,  1  St.  Paul,  2  St.  Anthony. 

28  Pamlico  Sound, 

29  Florida  Strait, 

34  Nebraska,  1  Omaha  City. 

80  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

35  Kansas,        l   Leavenworth,  2  Wabounse,  8  To- 

peka,  4  Lecompton,  5  Lawrence. 

36  Indian. 

ISLANDS. 

81  Nantucket, 

37  New  Mexico,  1  Santa  Fe,  2  Taos,  3  Socorro. 

32  Martha's  Vineyard, 

S3  Long  Island, 

38  Utah,            1  Fillmore  City,  2  Salt  Lake  City. 

34  Florida  Keys, 

85   TORTUGAS, 

39  Oregon,        1  Salem,  2   Astoria,   3  Portland,  4  Or- 

86 Santa  Barbara. 

egon. 
10  Washington,  1  Olympia,  2  Pacific  City,  8  Ft.  Van- 

couver. 

CAPES. 

U  Dacotah. 

87  Ann, 

88  Cod, 

OCEANS,  GULFS  AND  BATa 

89  Malabar, 
40  May, 

1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

41  Henlopen, 

2  Pacific  Ocean, 

42  Charles, 

8  Passamaquoddy  Bat, 

43  Henry, 

4  Penobscot  Bay, 

44  Hatteras, 

52 


UNITED   STAGES. 


45  Lookout, 

89  Champlain, 

46  Feak, 

90  Moosehead, 

41  Canaveral, 

91  Chesuncook, 

48  Florida, 

92  Okechobee, 

49  Sable, 

93    PONTCHARTEAIN, 

60  Roman, 

94  Tula, 

51  San  Blas, 

95  Pyramid, 

52  Conception, 

96  Klamath, 

63  Mendocino, 

97  Great  Salt, 

64  Orford, 

98  Utah, 

65  Flattery. 

99  Nicollet. 

MOUNTAINSw 

RIVERS. 

66  Katahdin, 

100  St.  Lawrence 

57  White, 

101  St.  John's, 

58  Green, 

.  102  St.  Croix, 

59  Catskill, 

103  Penobscot, 

60  Blue  Ridge, 

104  Kennebec, 

61  Alleghany, 

105  Androscoggin, 

62    CuMBERLANDj, 

106  Saco, 

68  Ozark, 

107  Merrimac, 

64  Black  Hills, 

108  Connecticut! 

65  Rocky, 

109  Hudson, 

66        Fremont's, 

110        Mohawk, 

67        Long's, 

111  Delaware, 

• 

68        Pike's, 

112  Susquehanna, 

69        Spanish, 

113  Potomac, 

70  Sierra  Nevada, 

114  Rappahannoc, 

71  Coast, 

115  James, 

72  Cascade, 

116  Chowan, 

73        Mt.  Hood. 

117  Roanoke, 

74       Mt.  St.  Helen's, 

118  Tar,  or  Pamlico, 

75        Mt.  Ranier, 

119  Neuse, 

76  Great  American  Plaisb, 

120  Cape  Fear, 

121  Great  Pedee, 

122  Santee, 

123        Wateree, 

' 

LAKES. 

124  Savannah, 

77  Red, 

125  Altamaha, 

78  Lake  of  the  Woodsy 

126        Oconee, 

79  Rainy, 

127        Ocmulgee, 

80  Superior, 

128  St.  Mary's, 

81  Michigan, 

129  St.  John's, 

82  Green  Bat, 

130   SUWANEE, 

83  Huron, 

131  Appalachicola,' 

84  Georgian  Bat, 

132        Flint, 

85  Saginaw  Bat, 

133        Chattahoochm^ 

86  St.  Clair, 

134  Mobile, 

87  Erie, 

136        Alabama, 

88  Oktario, 

136        Tombigbkk, 

UNITED 

STATES.                                                                        53 

137  Pascasoitla, 

189  Colorado, 

138  Pearl, 

190        Gila, 

139  Mississippi, 

191        Grande, 

140        Yazoo, 

192        Green, 

141        Ohio, 

193        Rio  Virgeit, 

142              Tennessee, 

194  San  Joaquin, 

143              Cumberland, 

195  Sacramento, 

144              Green, 

196         Feather, 

145              Kentdckt, 

197  Klamath, 

146              Big  Sandy, 

198  Columbia, 

147              Kanawha, 

199        Willamette, 

148              Monongahela, 

200        Lewis, 

149              Alleghany, 

201               Salmon, 

150              Muskingum, 

202         Clarke's, 

151              Scioto, 

203  Bear, 

152              Miami, 

204  Humboldt, 

153              Wabash, 

205  Nicollet, 

154                   White, 

206  St.  Joseph's, 

155         Kaskaskia, 

207  Grand, 

156        Illinois, 

208  St.  Clair, 

157        Rock, 

209  Detroit, 

158        Wisconsin, 

210  Maumee, 

169        Minnesota, 

211   NlAGAJaA. 

160        Iowa, 

161        Des  Moines, 

162        Missouri, 

capitals.           CHIE?  TOWNS. 

163              Jefferson, 

2    Mexico.                        l  Mexico. 

164              Madison, 

1  Lower  California,  2  Loreto,  3  La  Paz. 

165               Gallatin, 

2  SoNORA,            4  Arispe. 

166              Yellowstone, 

S  Chihcahua,      5  Chihuahua. 

167                    Big  Horn, 

4  CiNALOA,           6  CuLiACAN,  7  Mazatkc. 

168              Nebraska, 

5    DuRANGO,              8  DURANGO. 

169                   North  Fork, 

6    COHAHUILA,         9  SaLTILLO. 

170                   South  Fork, 

7  New  Leon,     10  Monterey. 

171              Kansas, 

8  Tamaulipas,    12  Victoria,  11  Matamoras. 

172                   Republican  Fork, 

9  San  Luis  Potosi,  18  San  Luis  Potosi. 

173                   Smoky  Hill, 

10  Zacatecas,      14  Zacatecas. 

174              Osage, 

11  Jalisco,           15  Guadalajara. 

175        St.  Francis, 

12  Guanajuato,    16  Guanajuato. 

176        White, 

13    QUERETARO,        17  QUERETARO. 

177        Arkansas, 

14  Vera  Cruz,     19  Vera  Cruz,  18  Jalapa. 

178              Canadian, 

15  Mexico,              1  Mexico. 

179        Red, 

16  Michoacan,      20  Valladolid, 

180              Washita, 

17    COLIMA,                  21  COLIMA. 

181  Sabink, 

18  Guerrero,                               22  Acapulco. 

182  Neches, 

19    PUEBLA,                  23  PUEBLA. 

183  Trinity, 

20  Oajaca,             24  Oajaca. 

184  Brazos, 

21  Tehuantepec,                          25  Tehuantepeo. 

185  Colorado, 

22  Tabasco,           26  Tabasco. 

186  Nueces, 

23  Chiapas,           27  Ciudad  Real. 

187  Rio  Grande, 

24  Yucatan,          28  Merida,  29  Campeachy,  80 

188        Pecos, 

VaUadolid. 

64                                                                        UNITED 

STATES. 

3  Balizo,        IBalizk. 

CAPES. 

231  Roxo, 

232  Desconocida, 

BAYS. 

233  Catoche, 

212  Campeachy, 
218  Honduras, 

234  San  Antonio, 

235  Corrientes, 

214  Tehuantkpec. 

236  Palma, 

237  San  Lucas, 

238  San  Lazaro, 

239  MoBRO  Hermoso. 

ISLANDS. 

CAPITALS,            CHIEF   TOWNS. 

215  Bahama, 

MOUNTAINa 

216  Cuba,          1  Hatana,  2  Matanzas,  3  Puerto 

Principe,  4  San  Jago. 

240  Sierra  Madre, 

21T  Isle  op  Pines, 

241  Popocatapetl. 

218  Hatti,         1  PoBT  Au  Prince. 

219  Jamaica,      1  Spanish  Town,  2  Kingston. 

220    COZUMEL, 

LAKES. 

221  Revillagigedo, 

222  The  Three  Marias, 

242  Chapala, 

223  EspiRiTu  Santo, 

243  Terminos. 

224  Carmen, 

225  Tiburn, 

226  Angelos. 

RIVERS. 

22Y  Margarita, 

228  Cerros. 

244  Santander, 

245  Tula, 

246    USUMASINTA, 

PENINSUT.AR. 

247  Balsas, 

229  Yucatan, 

248  Grande, 

230  California. 

249  Yaqui. 

QUESTIONS   ON   THE   MAP   OF   UNITED   STATES. 


What   country  bounds  the  United  States  on  the 
north? 

What  ocean  on  the  east  ? 

What  gulf  and  country  on  the  south  ? 

What  ocean  on  the  west  ? 

What  is  the  latitude  of  the  United  States? 

What  is  its  longitude  ? 

How  many  states  are  there  ? 

Name  them. 

How  many  territories  are  there  ? 

Name  them. 

Bound  each  state. 

Give  the  capital  of  each. 

What  states  border  on  the  Atlantic  ? 

On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 


On  the  Pacific  ? 

On  the  great  lakes  ? 

What  states  lie  west  of  the  Mississippi? 

What  states  are  separated  by  the  Connecticut  ? 
Delaware?  Potomac?  Savannah?  Chattahoochee? 
Sabine?     Ohio? 

What  states  touch  Lake  Afichigan  ? 

What  three  territories  are  bounded  north  by  British 
America  ? 

What  two  border  on  the  Pacific  ? 

What  territory  is  bounded  by  Mexico  ? 

What  territory  south  of  Oregon  ? 

West  of  Missouri  ? 

North  of  Texas  ? 


UNITED   STATES. 


55 


GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

What  bays  on  the  coast  of  Maine  ?  3,  4. 
What  bay  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  ?  5. 
South  of  Rhode  Island?  6. 

What  bays  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of  Connec- 
ticut? 7-9. 

On  the  west  coast  of  Florida  ?  10-14. 
What  bay  south  of  Alabama  ?  15. 
What  bays  on  the  coast  of  Texas  ?  16-18. 
On  the  Pacific  coast  ?  21-24. 


SOUNDS  AND  STRAITS. 
What  sound  south  of  Connecticut  ?  26. 
What  two  east  of  North  Carolina  ?  27,  28. 
What  strait  south  of  Florida?  29. 
North-west  of  Washington  territory  ?  30. 


ISLANDS  AND  CAPES. 

What  islands  south  of  Massachusetts  ?  31,  32. 

What  island  south  of  Connecticut  ?  33. 

What  reefs  south  of  Florida  ?  34. 

Which  is  the  most  important  island  of  Florida 
reefs  ?     Ans.  Key  West. 

What  islands  west  of  Florida  reefs  ?  85. 

What  capes  has  New  England  ?  37-39. 

What  capes  at  the  entrance  to  the  Delaware  bay  ? 
40,  41. 

At  the  entrance  to  the  Chesapeake  ?  42,  43. 

What  five  capes  between  Albemarle  Sound  and 
Florida  reefs  ?  44-48. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  cape  of  Florida  ?  49. 

What  four  capes  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  th©  United 
States  ?  52-55. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountain  in  Maine?  56. 

What  mountains  in  New  Hampshire  ?  57. 

In  Vermont  ?  58. 

In  New  York?  59. 

What  three  parallel  ranges  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  United  States  ?  60-62. 

What  mountains  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas  ?  63. 

What  is  the  most  extensive  range  of  mountains  in 
the  United  States  ?  65. 


Mention  the  principal  peaks.    66-69. 
What  ranges  near  the  Pacific  coast  ?  71,  72. 
Between  these  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  ?  70. 
Mention  the  principal  peaks  of  the  Cascade  moun- 
tains.    73-75. 


LAKES. 
What   lakes   between  British  America  and    the 
United  States  ?  80,  83,  86-88. 

What  lake  between  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  ?  81. 

What  bay  in  the  western  part  ?  82. 

What  lake  between  Vermont  and  New  York  ?  89. 

What  lakes  in  Maine?  90,  91.  ' 

What  lake  in  Florida  ?  92. 

In  Louisiana  ?  93. 

In  California  ?  94. 

What  lakes  in  Utah  ?  95,  97-99. 

Which  is  the  largest?  97. 


RIVERS. 

What  river  is  the  outlet  to  the  Great  American 
Lakes?  100. 

Which  are  the  seven  principal  rivers  in  the  New 
England  States  ?  102-108. 

Into  what  do  tlicy  flow  ? 

What  river  flows  into  New  York  Bay  ?  109. 

Into  Delaware  Bay  ?  111. 

What  four  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Chesa- 
peake? 112-115. 

What  two  rivers  flow  into  Albemarle  Sound  ?  116, 
117. 

What  two  rivers  flow  into  Pamlico  Sound  ?  118, 119. 

What  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  At- 
lantic between  Pamlico  Sound  and  Cape  Sable?  120- 

125,  128,  129. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Altamaha? 

126,  127. 

Which  is  the  largest  river  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico?  139. 

AVhich  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  east  of  the  Mississippi  ?  130,  131, 
134,  137,  138. 

What  large  branches  has  the  Apalachicola  ?  132, 133. 

What  two  rivers  form  the  Mobile?  135,  136. 

Which  are  the  largest  eastern  branches  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi? 140,  141,  155-158. 

What  two' rivers  unite  and  form  the  Ohio  ?  148,  149. 


UNITED   STATES. 


What  are  the  main  hranches  of  the  Ohio  ?  142-147, 
150-153. 

What  are  the  principal  western  branches  of  the 
Mississippi?  159-162,  175-177,  179. 
Where  does  the  Missouri  rise  ? 
What  are  its  main  branches?  163-166,  168,  171, 
174. 

Which  is  the  principal  branch  of  the  Arkansas  ?  178. 
What  river  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  ? 
187. 

Which  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  between  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi? 181-186. 

What  fiver  from  the  United  States  flows  into  the 
Gulf  of  California?  189. 

What  is  its  principal  eastern  branch  ?  190. 
Which  are  the  principal  rivers  in  California?  194, 
195-197. 

What  river  in  Oregon  flows  into  the  Pacific?  198. 
Which  are  the  two  largest  branches  of  the  Colum- 
bia ?  200,  202. 

What  branch  has  Lewis  River  ?  201. 
What  rivers  of  Michigan  flow  into  Lake  Michigan  ? 
206,  207. 

What  river  connects  Lake  Superior  with  Lake  Hu- 
ron ?     Ans.  St.  Mary's. 

What  rivers  between  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Erie  ? 
208,  209. 

What  river  connects  Lake  Erie  with  Lake  Ontario  ? 
211. 

What  falls  upon  it  ?     Ans.  Niagara  Falls. 


Which  is  the  most  north-western  ? 
Which  states  have  no  sea  coast  ? 


MEXICO. 

What  country  north  of  Mexico  ? 
What  body  of  water  on  the  east  ? 
What  ocean  on  the  south  and  west  ? 
What  states  of  Mexico  are  bounded   north  by  the 
United  Stjites  ? 

Which  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

What  one  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  ? 

What  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

What  states  border  on  the  Gulf  of  California? 

Which  is  the  most  south-eastern  state  ? 


BAYS  AND  GULFS. 
What  bay  west  of  Yucatan  ?  212. 
What  bay  east  of  Balize  ?  213. 
What  gulf  on  the  southern  coast  ?  214, 


ISLANDS,  CAPES  AND  MOUNTAINS. 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
216. 

What  group  north-east  of  it  ?  215. 

What  large  island  south-east  ?  218. 

What  two  islands  south  ?  217,  219. 

What  two  clusters  of  islands  west  of  Mexico? 
221,  222. 

What  islands  in  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  223-226. 

What  islands  west  of  California  ?  227,  228. 

What  cape  at  the  northeastern  extremity  of  Yuca- 
tan? 233. 

What  cape  west  of  Yucatan  ?  232. 

West  of  Cuba  ?  234. 

West  of  Mexico?  235. 

At  the  southern  point  of  California?  237. 

What  two  capes  on  the  western  coast  of  Califor- 
nia? 238,  239. 

What  range  of  mountains  in  Mexico  ?  240. 

What  is  the  principal  volcano  ?  241. 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

What  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Yucatan  ?  243. 

AVhat  lake  near  the  center  of  Mexico  ?  242. 

AYhat    river    between   Mexico     and    the     United 
States?  187. 

What    rivers    flow    into    the    Gulf    of  Mexico? 
244-246. 

What  into  the  Pacific  ?  247,  248. 

What  into  the  Gulf  of  California?  249. 


UNITED  STATES. 


61 


The  Capitol  at  Washington. 


DESCRIPTIYE    GEOGRAPHY. 


4     UNITED  STATES. 

Square  miles  ,2, 936, 166.     Population,  26,964,312. 

The  United  States  comprise  a  large  terri- 
tory extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean,  and  occupying  the  central  por- 
tion of  North  America. 

It  has  a  shore  line  of  over  12,600  miles 
on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  oceans  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

It  may  be  divided  physically  into  the 
Northern  Lake  region,  the  Atlantic  slope, 
the  Gulf  region,  the  Pacific  slope,  and  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

It  is  well  watered  by  numerous  large  riv- 
ers and  lakes.  Two  long  ranges  of  moun- 
tains traverse  it,  between  which  stretches  the 
great  valley  of  the  Mississippi  river  and  its 
branches. 

It  possesses  a  healthful  climate,  fertile  soil, 
unrivaled  facilities  for  internal  navigation, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  productive  countries 
in  the  world. 

The  chief  articles  of  cultivation  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  potatoes,  oats,  rye,  cotton,  rice, 
tobacco,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits. 


The  most  useful  minerals  abound,  such,  as 
gold,  iron,  copper,  lead,  coal  and  lime.  There 
are  also  quarries  of  granite,  marble,  free- 
stone and  slate. 

The  manufactures  are  very  extensive,  em- 
bracing a  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 
Its  commerce  extends  to  all  parts  of  the 
globe,  and  is  second  only  to  that  of  Great 
Britain. 

No  other  nation  has  so  many  steam  and 
canal  boats  traversing  its  waters,  or  so  many 
miles  of  telegraph  lines  and  railroad,  either 
finished,  or  in  course  of  construction. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  United  States  are 
chiefly  of  English  descent.  Some  are  of 
Dutch,  Irish,  and  French  extraction;  and 
about  three  and  a  half  millions  of  African, 
residing  mainly  in  the  southern  part. 

They  are  distinguished  for  industry,  enter- 
prise and  intelligence.  Schools  and  colleges 
are  very  numerous,  and  there  are  few  who 
may  not  enjoy  the  means  of  education. 

The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Protestant, 
though  all  sects  are  tolerated  by  law. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  is  a 


68 


UNITED    STATES. 


Federal  Kepublic.  Each  State  is  independ- 
ent in  its  local  affairs,  but  the  defence  of  the 
country,  matters  relating  to  foreign  com- 
merce and  the  general  concerns  of  the 
nation,  are  committed  by  the  constitution  to 
the  General  Government. 

The  laws  are  made  by  Congress,  which  is 
composed  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Eepre- 
sentatives.  The  Senate  consists  of  two  mem- 
bers from  each  state,  chosen  for  six  years. 
The  representatives  are  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple for  two  years.  The  President  and  Yice 
President  are  elected  for  four  years. 

Each  state  is  an  independent  republic  and 
chooses  its  own  governor. 

In  the  organized  territories  the  people 
choose  a  legislature  to  make  laws,  but  the 
governor  is  appointed  by  the  President. 

The  first  settlement  in  the  United  States 
was  made  by  the  French,  in  Florida,  in  1565 ; 
the  second  by  the  English,  in  Virginia,  in  1607. 

The  colonies  were  subject  to  Great  Britain 
till  1776,  when  the  colonists  declared  them- 
selves free  and  independent. 

The  war  of  the  revolution  continued 
seven  years,  and  closed  in  1783,  when  Great 
Britain  acknowledged  the  independence  of 
the  United  States. 

The  United  States  are  divided  into  thirty- 
two  states,  and  several  territories. 

The  states  are  sub-divided  into  four  sec- 
tions, called  the  Eastern  or  New  England, 
the  Middle,  the  Southern,  and  the  Western 
States. 

EASTERN  STATES. 

1  Maine,  4  Massachusetts, 

2  New  Hampshire,      5  Khode  Island, 

3  Yermont,  6  Connecticut. 


MIDDLE   STATES. 


7  New  York, 

8  New  Jersey, 


9  Pennsylvania, 
10  Delaware. 


SOUTHERN   STATES. 


11  Maryland, 

12  District  of  Co- 

lumbia, 

13  Yirginia, 

14  North  Carolina, 

15  South  Carolina, 


16  Georgia, 

17  Florida, 

18  Alabama, 

19  Mississippi, 

20  Louisiana, 

21  Texas. 


WESTERN   STATES. 


22  Arkansas, 

23  Missouri, 

24  Tennessee, 

25  Kentucky, 

26  Ohio, 

27  Indiana, 


28  Illinois, 

29  Michigan, 

30  Wisconsin, 

31  Iowa, 

32  California, 

33  Minnesota. 


TERRITORIES. 


84  Nebraska, 

85  Kansas, 

86  Indian, 

87  New  Mexico, 


38  Utah, 

39  Oregon, 

40  Washington, 

41  Dacotah. 


Questions.  What  do  the  United  States  comprise  ? 
Describe  the  surface,  climate,  soil,  &c.  What  are 
the  chief  vegetable  productions  ?  Most  useful  miner- 
als ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  manufactures  and 
commerce  ?  Steam  and  canal  boats  ?  Telegraph 
lines  and  railroads  ?  The  descent  of  the  inhabitants  ? 
For  what  are  the  inhabitants  distinguished  ?  What  is 
said  of  education  ?  Which  is  the  prevailing  religion  ? 
What  is  the  government  ?  By  whom  are  the  laws 
made  ?  Who  compose  the  Senate  ?  How  are  the 
representatives  chosen  ?  For  how  long  are  the  presi- 
dent and  vice  president  elected  ?  What  is  each  state  ? 
How  are  the  organized  territories  governed  ?  Where 
and  when  were  the  earliest  settlements  made  ?  "VVTien 
were  the  colonies  declared  independent?  How  long 
did  the  revolutionary  war  continue  ?  How  are  the 
United  States  divided  ?  Name  the  Eastern  states. 
Middle.  Southern.  Western.     The  territories. 


UNITED  STATES. 


The  Eastern  States. 


EASTERN,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 

The  Eastern  or  New  England  States  in- 
clude Maine,  Kew  Hampshire,  Yermont, 
Massachusetts,  Ehode  Island  and  Connecti- 
cut, and  occupy  the  north-east  portion  of  the 
United  States. 

They  were  originally  settled  by  the  Puri- 
tans, at  Plymouth,  in  1620. 

New  England  is  agreeably  diversified  in 
surface,  has  a  variable  but  healthful  climate, 
and  has  long  been  distinguished  for  the  in- 
telligence, industry  and  enterprise  of  its  cit- 
izens. 

Questions.  How  are  the  Eastern  or  New  England 
States  situated  ?  By  whom  and  when  were  they  set- 
tled? What  is  said  of  the  surface,  climate,  and 
people  ? 


1.     MAINE. 
Square  miles,  31,766.     Population,  623,862. 

Maine,  the  largest  of  the  New  England 
states,  has  in  general  a  level  or  undulating 
surface,  a  productive  soil,  and  cold  climate. 

It  abounds  with  beautiful  forests,  lakes, 
and  rivers,  and  its  coast  is  bordered  with 
numerous  bays  and  islands. 

Agriculture  and  lumbering  are  the  leading 
pursuits,  but  many  of  its  inhabitants  are  en- 
gaged in  manufactures,  ship  building  and 
fishing.  The  principal  products  are  grass, 
Indian  corn,  rye,  oats,  barley,  potatoes,  but- 
ter and  cheese. 

Large  quantities  of  lumber,  lime,  hay,  fish, 
&c.,  are  exported. 

Augusta,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Kennebec  river,  fifty  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Portland  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state. 
It  is  built  on  an  elevated  site,  has  a  good 


UNITED   STATES. 


White  Mountains.     Making  Maple  Sugar. 


harbor,  and  considerable  commerce.  East- 
port,  on  the  Passamaquoddy  bay,  is  a  place 
of  some  trade.  Its  harbor  is  remarkable  for 
high  tides.  Bangor  is  a  very  flourishing 
city  upon  the  Penobscot  river,  and  noted  for 
its  lumber.  Bath,  on  the  Kennebec,  is  well 
built  and  enjoys  superior  advantages  for 
navigation, as  the  river  here  is  seldom  frozen 
in  winter. 

QpESTioNS.  Describe  the  surface,  soil  and  climate 
of  Maine.  Mention  the  chief  pursuits  of  the  people. 
The  exports.  What  is  said  of  Augusta  ?  Portland? 
Eastport?    Bangor?    Bath? 


2.    NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 
Square  miles,  9,280.     Population,  824,701. 
New  Hampshire  has  a  hilly,  and  in  some 
portions  a  mountainous  surface. 

From  the  great  quantities  of  stone  it  con- 
tains, it  is  called  the  "  Granite  State  ;  "  and 
from  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery,  the  "  Swit- 
zerland of  America." 


The  climate  is  very  healthful,  and  the  soil 
varied,  but  generally  better  adapted  to  gra- 
zing than  to  cultivation. 

It  has  only  eighteen  miles  of  sea  coast,  and 
but  little  commerce.  Agriculture  and  manu- 
factures are  the  principal  employments  of 
the  people. 

The  staple  productions  are  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
corn,  barley,  butter,  cheese  and  maple-sugar. 

The  wild  and  sublime  scenery  and  the 
salubrious  air  of  the  White  mountains,  make 
them  the  frequent  resort  of  invalids  and 
others. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  a 
flourishing  town,  located  on  the  Merrimac 
river  about  sixty  miles  from  Boston. 

Portsmouth  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Piscataqua  river,  three  miles  from  the  Atlan- 
tic coast,  and  is  the  only  seaport  in  the  state. 
It  has  a  fine  harbor,  a  large  navy  yard,  and 
some  commerce.  3fanchester,  on  the  Merri- 
mac river,  is  the  most  important  city  in  the 


UNITED   STATES. 


61 


state,    and    is   noted    for   its   manufactures. 
Nashua  is  an  important  manufacturing  town. 

Questions.  "What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  of 
New  Hampshire  ?  Its  climate  and  soil  ?  Sea-coast  ? 
Employments  of  the  people  ?  Productions  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  White  Mountains  ?  Of  Concord  ? 
Portsmouth  ?    Manchester  ?    Nashua  ? 


3.    VERMONT. 
Square  miles,  10,212.     Population,  325,206. 

The  Green  mountains  extend  through  Yer- 
mont,  from  north  to  south,  rendering  its  sur- 
face broken  and  hilly. 

The  climate  is  cold  and  changeable,  but 
healthful.  The  soil  is  rich,  affording  good 
tillage  and  grazing. 

This  state  produces  the  various  grains,  po- 
tatoes maple-sugar,  butter,  cheese,  and  large 
quantities  of  wool.  Iron  ore  is  abundant, 
and  there  are  extensive  quarries  of  marble. 

It  has  no  sea-coast,  and  its  inhabitants  are 
principally  engaged  in  agriculture. 

MoNTPELiER,  situated  on  the  Onion  river, 
is  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  a  very  pleasant 
town. 

Burlington  has  a  beautiful  site  on  the  east 
shore  of  lake  Champlain,  commanding  a  fine 
prospect.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state, 
and  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Vermont. 

Brattkhoro  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
Vermont.     It  has  several  manufactories. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Vermont  ?  Cli- 
mate and  soil  ?  Productions  ?  What  is  the  chief 
pursuit  ?  Describe  MontpeUer,  Burlington.  Brat- 
tleboro. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

Square  miles,  Y,  800.     Population,  1,133,123. 
The  eastern  part  of  Massachusetts  is  gen- 


erally level ;  the  interior  and  western  por- 
tions are  hilly  and  rugged. 

The  climate  resembles  that  of  the  other 
Eastern  States,  though  the  coast  is  subject 
to  cold,  easterly  winds. 

The  soil  is  light  in  the  eastern  portion  and 
rather  sandy ;  in  the  middle  and  western 
parts  more  fertile.  The  farms  are  highly 
cultivated,  and  produce  wheat,  corn,  rye, 
oats,  fruits,  butter  and  cheese. 

Manufactures  and  commerce  chiefly  en- 
gage the  attention  of  its  inhabitants.  In  cot- 
ton and  woolen  manufactures,  Massachusetts 
is  the  first  state  in  the  Union. 

The  whale,  cod  and  other  fisheries  are 
very  valuable. 

Massachusetts  is  also  distinguished  for  the 
number  and  excellence  of  her  public  schools. 

The  first  settlements  of  New  England  were 
made  in  this  state,  and  here  the  first  blood 
was  shed  in  our  forefathers'  struggles  for 
civil  freedom. 

Boston  is  the  largest  city  in  New  Eng- 
land. It  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  and  is  noted  for  the  wealth, 
liberality  and  refinement  of  its  citizens,  its 
numerous  scientific  and  literary  institutions, 
and  for  its  excellent  system  of  public  schools. 
It  has  a  variety  of  manufactures,  and  its 
commerce  extends  to  nearly  every  nation  of 
the  globe.  The  city  has  many  fine  build- 
ings, and  a  large  common.  It  is  furnished 
with  water  from  lake  Cochjtuate  by  an  aque- 
duct over  twenty  miles  long,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  other  beautiful  cities  and  towns. 

Charlestoion  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  im- 
mediately north  of  Boston.  It  contains  the 
Bunker  Hill  monument,  and  United  States 
Navy  yard,  which  occupies  an  area  of  more 
than  seventy  acres.  Lowell,  on  the  Merrimac 
river,  is  an  important  manufacturing  city. 
Cotton  and  woolen  goods  are  produced  in 


UNITED   STATJJS. 


The  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims. 


great  quantities.  Springfield  is  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  cities  on  the 
Connecticut  river.  Worcester,  Lawrence  and 
Lynn  are  important  manufacturing  places. 
Salem  holds  a  high  rank  as  a  commercial 
city.  New  Bedford  is  extensively  engaged 
in  the  whale  fishery. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface  of  Massachusetts. 
What  is  its  clitnate  ?  Soil  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
manufactures  and  commerce?  Fisheries?  Boston? 
Charlestown?  Lowell?  Springfield?  Worcester, 
Lawrence  and  Lynn  ?    Salem  and  New  Bedford  ? 


5.    RHODE  ISLAND. 
Square  miles,  1,806,     Population,  166,927. 
Rhode  Island,  in  extent  of  territory,  is  the 
smallest  state  in  the  Union. 


The  surface  is  undulating;  the  soil,  fertile 
on  the  coast,  but  barren  in  the  interior,  and 
the  climate  agreeable. 

The  productions  are  grains,  fruits,  butter 
and  cheese. 

This  state  is  largely  engaged  in  manufac- 
factures.     It  has  considerable  commerce. 

The  first  cotton  machinery  in  America  was 
started  in  1790,  in  Rhode  Island,  by  Samuel 
Slater.  Cotton  goods  are  now  manufactured 
to  a  great  amount. 

Providence,  one  of  the  capitals,  is  located 
on  Providence  river,  and  is  the  seat  of 
Brown  University.  It  has  a  great  variety 
of  manufactures  and  considerable  commerce. 

Newport,  the  other  capital,  is  built  on 
the  island  of  Rhode  Island,  which  lies  in 


UNITED   STATEI 


Narragansett  Bay.  This  island  is  a  place  of 
great  resort  in  the  summer  season  ;  and  from 
the  beauty  of  its  scenery,  and  the  salubrity 
of  its  climate,  is  called  the  "  Eden  of  Amer- 
ica." 

Questions.  What  is  the  size  of  Rhode  Island? 
Surface  and  soil?  What  is  the  chief  pursuit? 
Where  was  the  first  cotton  machine  put  in  opera- 
tion ?  Describe  Providence.  Where  is  Newport  sit- 
uated ? 


6.     CONNECTICUT. 
Square  miles,  4,674.     Population,  401,292.     • 

The  surface  of  Connecticut  is  in  general 
undulating  or  hilly,  the  climate  agreeable, 
and  the  soil  fertile,  especially  in  the  valley 
of  the  Connecticut  river. 

Large  quantities  of  grass,  potatoes,  corn, 
butter  and  cheese  are  produced.  There  are 
several  extensive  quarries  of  granite  and 
freestone.  It  has  also  mines  of  silver,  cop- 
per and  iron. 

Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  engaged  in  ag- 
riculture and  manufactures. 


This  state  has  long  been  celebrated  for  its 
munificent  school  fund,  and  the  attention 
which  has  been  given  to  the  subject  of  pop- 
ular instruction. 

Hartford  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Connecticut  river,  fifty-three  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  is  advantageously  situated  for 
trade  and  commerce,  and  largely  engaged  in 
manufactures.  The  city  is  supplied  with  an 
abundance  of  pure  water  from  the  Connecti- 
cut river.  It  contains  Trinity  College,  the 
j^merican  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
a  Ketreat  for  the  Insane,  and  a  Hospital. 

New  Haven  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
New  Haven  Bayj  four  miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound.  It  is  pleasantly  laid  out,  and 
is  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  noted  for  its  literary  and  edu- 
cational institutions.  It  is  extensively  en- 
gaged in  manufactures  and  has  considerable 


commerce. 
New  London 


has   a  commodious   harbor. 


and  is  largely  engaged  in  the  whale  fisheries. 
Norwich^  Middletown,  Bridgeport  and  Water- 
hury  are  the  remaining  cities. 


UNITED   STATES. 


Middle  States. 


Questions.  Describe  the  surface,  soil  and  climate 
of  Connecticut.  What  are  its  productions  ?  Mines  ? 
Principal  employments  of  the  inhabitants  ?  Describe 
Hartford.      New  Haven.     New  London. 


MIDDLE  STATES. 

The  Middle  States  are  situated  south-west 
of  New  England.  They  embrace  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware; 
and  comprise  a  great  variety  of  surface,  cli- 
mate and  soil. 

This  section  is  diversified  by  high  and 
broken  ranges  of  mountains,  and  numerous 
rivers  and  lakes. 

The  Alleghany  is  the  principal  range  of 
mountains.  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Hudson, 
Delaware,  Susquehanna  and  St.  Lawrence. 

The  Middle  States  possess  superior  facilities 
for  commerce  and  trade.  The  eastern  portion 
borders  New  England  and  the  Atlantic,  and 


the  north-western  the  great  lakes,  while  the 
interior  is  traversed  by  numerous  railroads 
and  caaals. 

Questions.  How  are  the  Middle  States  situated? 
Name  them.  What  do  they  comprise?  How  are 
they  diversified  ?  What  is  said  of  commerce  and 
trade  ? 


r.     NEW  YORK. 

Square  miles,  47,000.     Population,   3,470,059. 

New  York  is  the  most  wealthy  and  popu- 
lous of  the  United  States ;  hence  it  is  called 
the  "  Empire  State." 

The  eastern  and  northern  parts  are  hilly 
and  mountainous;  the  western  portion 
spreads  out  in  table-lands,  rising  from  lake 
Ontario. 

The  mountainous  sections  have  a  light 
soil ;  the  more  level  are  usually  very  rich 
and  fertile. 


UNITED  STATES. 


New  York  City. 


The  climate  is  healthful,  but  subject  to  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold.  Agriculture  is  the 
chief  pursuit. 

The  commerce  is  larger  than  that  of  any- 
other  state  and  extends  to  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  the  manuflictures  are  extensive 
and  constantly  increasing. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  production.  Indian 
corn  and  other  grains,  with  potatoes,  apples, 
pears,  peaches,  maple-sugar,  butter,  cheese, 
beeswax  and  honey  are  the  other  principal 
products. 

Iron,  lead,  limestone  and  salt  springs 
abound  ;  also  mineral  springs,  the  most  noted 
of  which  are  those  at  Saratoga,  Ballston  and 
Avon. 

The  natural  curiosities  of  this  state  are  on 
a  grand  scale.  Among  them  are  the  Falls  of 
Niagara,  on  the  Niagara  river,  which  are 
nearly  three  quarters  of  a  mile  wide,  and  one 
hundred  and  sixty  feet  high. 


Two  miles  below  the  cataract,  the  river  is 
spanned  by  a  magnificent  suspension  bridge 
eight-hundred  feet  long  and  two  hundred  and 
thirty  feet  above  the  water,  supported  by 
four  wire  cables,  nine  and  one-fourth  inches 
in  diameter. 

New  York  is  distinguished  for  the  number 
and  length  of  her  canals  and  railroads,  and 
for  her  common  schools  and  other  educa- 
tional institutions. 

Albany,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Hudson  river,  and  has  a  very  large  inland 
trade.  The  Erie  canal  here  unites  with  the 
Hudson.  Great  numbers  of  steamboats  ply 
between  this  city  and  New  York. 

New  York  City,  situated  on  Manhattan 
island,  is  the  largest  and  most  importantcity 
in  America,  and  is  the  center  of  trade  for 
the  western  continent.  In  the  extent  of  its 
commerce  and  the  amount  of  its  manufac- 
tures it  exceeds  every  other  city  in  the  New 


66 


UNITED   STATES. 


Normal  School,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


World.  It  has  many  costly  and  elegant 
buildings,  and  numerous  literary  and  benev- 
olent institutions.  Broadway,  its  principal 
street,  and  one  of  the  finest  to  be  seen  in  any 
city,  is  eighty  feet  wide  and  about  three 
miles  in  length.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
water  by  means  of  the  Croton  aqueduct, 
which  is  more  than  forty  miles  long. 

Brooklyn  is  on  the  west  extremity  of  Long 
Island  opposite  New  York  City,  and  is  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  commerce.  It  contains 
many  fine  buildings,  and  a  large  Navy 
Yard.  Buffalo,  on  Lake  Erie,  carries  on  an 
extensive  trade  with  the  west.  Its  'manufac- 
tures are  important.  It  is  largely  engaged 
in  the  converting  of  wheat  into  flour.  Its 
principal  public  buildings  are  a  Court  House, 
Jail,  Market  House  and  several  fine  church- 
es. Rochester  is  remarkable  for  its  extensive 
manufacture  of  flour.     Syracuse  is  noted  as 


the  seat  of  the  inost  valuable  salt  manufac- 
tures in  the  United  States.  Troy,  situated  on 
both  sides  of  the  Hudson  river  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation,  contains  numerous 
manufactories  and  has  important  facilities 
for  commerce. 

Questions.  What  rank  has  New  York  ?  Describe 
its  surface.  Soil.  Climate.  What  is  said  of  agricul- 
ture ?  Commerce  and  manufactures  ?  Productions  ? 
Minerals  and  springs  ?  Natural  curiosities  ?  Suspen- 
sion bridge  ?  For  what  is  New  York  distinguished  ? 
Describe  Albany.  New  York  City.  Brooklyn.  Buf- 
falo.    Rochester.     Syracuse.     Troy. 


8.    NEW  JERSEY. 
Square  miles,  8,320.     Population,   569,499. 

The  northern  part  of  New  Jersey  is  hilly  ; 
the  southern,  quite  level. 

Its  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  productive, 


UNITED  STATES, 


;avffs  sc  I\/.K 


Philadelphia. 


except  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  state, 
where  it  is  sandy. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  employed  in 
agriculture  and  the  raising  of  fruit.  The 
finest  apples,  peaches  and  melons  are  sent  to 
New  York.  Philadelphia,  and  other  markets. 

New  Jersey  is  extensively  engaged  in 
manufactures.     Its  commerce  is  small. 

It  has  also  valuable  shad  and  oyster  fish- 
eries. 

Iron  ore  is  found  abundantly  in  some 
portions  of  the  state. 

Education  is  receiving  increasing  attention. 

Trenton,  the  capital,  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  tide  water  on  the  Delaware  river.  It 
is  a  pleasant  city,  and  the  place  where  General 
Washington  captured  the  Hessians  in  1776. 

Newark  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and 
largely  engaged  in  manufactures.  It  is  ten 
miles  west  of  New  York  City.  Paterson,  at 
the  Passaic  Falls,  is  also  a  very  flourishing 
manufacturing  town. 


3TT0NS.  "What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Nctt 
Jersey  ?  Its  climate  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ?  Manu- 
factures ?  Commerce  ?  Its  fisheries  ?  Minerals  ? 
Describe  Trenton.    Newark.    Paterson. 


9.     PENNSYLVANIA. 

Square  miles,  46,000.     Population,  2,542,960. 

Pennsylvania  is  a  large  and  important 
state,  distinguished  for  its  mineral  resources, 
manufactures,  and  internal  improvements. 

Its  eastern  section  is  level  or  undulating, 
with  a  fertile  soil  and  mild  climate;  the 
middle  is  mountainous,  barren,  and  subject 
to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ;  and  the  west- 
ern hilly,  but  productive  and  agreeable. 

The  people  are  largely  interested  in  agri- 
culture, manufactures  and  mining.  Wheat, 
corn,  orchard  fruits,  potatoes,  butter  and  wool 
are  the  chief  products.  The  farms  are  gen- 
erally large  and  well  conducted. 

The  manufactures  are  very  extensive,  and 


UNITED    STATES. 


comprise  a  greats  variety  of  articles.  In  the 
production  of  coal  and  iron,  Pennsylvania 
surpasses  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 

Canals  and  railroads  are  numerous,  greatly 
increasing  the  facilities  of  trade. 

This  state  was  settled  in  1681,  by  William 
Penn,  a  Quaker,  whose  kind  and  liberal 
treatment  of  the  Indians  secured  peace  to  the 
settlers  for  seventy  years. 

Harrisbubg,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly 
located  on  the  Susquehanna  river. 

Philadelphia^  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Del- 
aware river,  is  in  size  the  second  city  of  the 
United  States.  It  is  laid  out  in  squares,  is 
remarkably  neat,  and  is  extensively  engaged 
in  trade,  manufactures  and  commerce.  Many 
of  the  public  buildings  are  elegant.  It  has 
a  mint  for  coining  money  and  a  Navy  Yard. 
Philadelphia  is  supplied  with  water  by  the 
Fairmount  water-works,  which  convey  the 
water  of  the  Schuylkill  river  through  the 
city  in  iron  pipes. 

Erie  has  one  of  the  largest  and  best  har- 
bors on  the  lake.  Lancaster  is  situated  in 
the  midst  of  a  populous  agricultural  district, 
and  has  considerable  trade.  Pittsburg  is  a 
very  flourishing  manufacturing  town,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela 
rivers,  and  has  a  large  inland  trade.  From 
its  extensive  manufactures  of  iron  it  is  called 
the  "Birmingham  of  America."  Pottsville 
and  Wilhesbarre  are  situated  in  a  coal  region. 

Questions.  Describe  Pennsylvania.  "What  is  said 
of  the  surface,  soil,  and  climate?  Of  the  people? 
Productions  ?  Manufactures  ?  *  Canals  and  railroads  ? 
By  whom  was  Pennsylvania  settled  ?  What  can  you 
say  of  Harrisburg ?  Philadelphia?  Erie?  Lancas- 
ter ?    Pittsburg  ?    Pottsville  and  Wilkesbarre  ? 


10.     DELAWARE. 
Square  miles,  2,120.     Population,  97,292. 

Delaware  is  the  smallest  state  in  the  union 
except  Rhode  Island. 

It  is  generally  level.  Its  soil  is  fertile  in 
the  northern  part,  but  sandy  in  the  central 
and  southern  portions. 

The  climate  resembles  that  of  New  Jersey. 
The  principal  pursuits  are  agriculture  and 
manufactures. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  production.  Apples 
and  peaches  are  raised  in  great  abundance 
and  of  a  fine  quality. 

Dover,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated 
on  Jones'  Creek. 

Wilmington,  its  largest  city,  is  located  near 
the  junction  of  Christiana  and  Brandywine 
Creeks.  It  has  considerable  commerce,  and 
is  engaged  extensively  in  manufactures. 

Questions.  How  does  Delaware  compare  with  the 
other  states  in  size  ?  What  is  its  surface  and  soil  ? 
Its  climate  ?  What  are  the  chief  pursuits  ?  Produc- 
tions ?    Towns  ? 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 

The  Southern  States  are  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  and  South  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana  and 
Texas. 

They  extend  along  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  Delaware  Bay 
to  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  coast  is  level  and  sandy  ;  the  interior 
undulating  and  more  fertile.  The  Alleghany 
mountains  extend  through  the  western  por- 
tions of  Virginia^ and  North  and  South  Car- 
olina. 


unitp:d  states. 


Southern  States. 


The  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  English  and 
French  descent.  More  than  three  millions 
are  negro  slaves,  who  perform  most  of  the 
labor. 

The  southern  people  are  distinguished  for 
their  courtesy  and  hospitality.  Many  of 
them  are  highly  educated,  but  public  schools 
are  not  as  numerous  as  in  the  northern  states. 

Questions.  Name  the  southern  states.  Describe 
their  surfoce  and  soil.  Who  compose  the  population  ? 
How  are  the  people  distinguished?  What  is  the 
state  of  education? 


11.     MARYLAND. 
Square  miles,  11,124.     Population,  639,580. 
This  state  comprises  a  small,  well  watered 
country  lying  on  the  shores  of  the  Chesa- 
peake bay,  which  divides  the  state  into  two 
parts. 

The  shores  are  level,  warm,  and  in  summer 
unhealthy.  The  western  portion  is  hilly,  and 
the  climate  agreeable. 

The  soil  is  productive,  and  well  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  grain  and  fruits.     Wheat 


and  tobacco  are  •  raised  in  large  quantities. 
Indian  corn  is  an  important  product. 

Iron  and  coal  are  its  most  important  min- 
erals. Coal  is  chiefly  found  in  the  western 
part. 

Agriculture  and  commerce  are  the  prin- 
cipal pursuits  of  the  people. 

This  state  was  colonized  by  English  Cath- 
olics under  Lord  Baltimore,  in  1632.  Under 
his  wise  administration  the  colony  was  very 
prosperous. 

Annapolis,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
situated  three  miles  from  Chesapeake  bay 
on  the  river  Severn. 

Baltimore  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
Patapsco  river,  and  is  the  largest  city  in  the 
state.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  a 
large  trade  in  flour  and  tobacco.  From  the 
number  and  elegance  of  its  monuments  it  is 
called  the  "Monumental  city."  Easton  andi 
Gamherland  are  places  of  some  importance. 
The  latter  has  an  extensive  trade  and  is  the 
second  city  in  the  state  in  population. 

Questions.  What  does  Maryland  comprise  ?  De- 
scribe its  surface  and  climate.     Soil.      What  are  its 


!     70 


UNITED   STATES. 


/f  Smithsonian  Institute. 


principal  productions  ? 
whom  was  it  colonized  ? 


Minerals 


Pursuits  ? 


By 


"What  is  said  of  Anitepolis  ? 
Baltimore  ?    Easton  and  Cumberland  ?   ' 


12.    DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Square  miles,  60.     Population,  51,687. 
The  District  of  Columbia  lies  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  one  hundred  and  fifty 


mouth,    and   belongs  to  the 


miles  from  its 
United  States. 

NoTK.  It  formerly  embraced  a  tract  ten  miles  square, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac,  and  ceded  by  the  states 
of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Recently,  the  Virginia  portion 
has  been  ceded  back. 

Washington  City,  the  capital  of  the 
nation,  is  located  here.  It  was  laid  out  un- 
der the  direction  of  General  Washington, 
whose  name  it  bears,  and  became  the  seat  of 
government  in  the  year  1800.  It  contains 
the  Capitol,  President's  House,  General  Post 
Office,  Patent  Office,  and  other  public  build- 
ings. 

The  capitol  is  built  of  white  freestone 


and  marble  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  It  is 
a  magnificent  building,  surmounted  with 
domes,  and  contains  the  Senate  Chamber  and 
Kepresentatives'  Hall, 

The  President's  House  is  also  a  handsome 
building  of  white  freestone.  It  is  situated 
on  an  eminence  about  a  mile  and  a  half  west 
of  the  capitol  and  is  surrounded  by  beautiful 
grounds. 

South-west  from  the  capitol,  on  a  gently 
rising  ground,  stands  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tute. It  is  a  noble  structure,  four  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  long,  and  built  of  red  sand- 
stone, in  the  Norman  style. 

Questions.  Describe  the  District  of  Columbia. 
"Washington  city.  "What  can  you  say  of  the  capitol  ? 
The  President's  House  ?     Smithsonian  Institute  ? 


13.     VIRGINIA. 
Square  miles,  61,352.     Population,  1,512,492. 
Virginia  is  low  and  level  in  the  eastern 


Richmond,  Va. 


part;  the  interior  and  northern  parts  are 
hilly  and  mountainous. 

The  Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghany  mountains 
extend  across  the  state. 

The  climate  is  warm  in  the  lowlands,  but 
mild  and  healthful  in  the  elevated  portions  of 
the  state. 

On  the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  in  the 
valleys  the  soil  is  fertile,  but  barren  on  the 
mountains. 

Agriculture  is  the  principal  employment 
of  the  inhabitants.  Tobacco,  Indian  corn, 
wheat  and  potatoes  are  the  chief  productions. 

Gold,  iron,  lead,  copper  and  coal  are  found; 
also  salt  springs,  and  several  mineral  springs, 
the  most  noted  of  which  are  the  White, 
Warm  and  Hot  Sulphur. 

The  Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek,  is 
a  solid  rock  covered  with  earth  and  trees, 
and  crosses  a  chasm  two  hundred  feet  deep 
and  sixty  feet  wide. 


Virginia  was  settled  in  1607,  by  colonists 
from  England.  Hence  it  is  called  the  "Old 
Dominion."  The  present  inhabitants  retain 
many  of  the  English  customs  and  man- 
ners. 

Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  state,  has  a 
fine  site  on  the  James  river,  one  hundred 
and  ten  miles  from  the  Chesapeake  bay.  It 
has  a  large  trade  and  possesses  an  immense 
water-power,  giving  it  great  natural  advan- 
tages for  productive  industry.  Its  manufac- 
tures are  already  extensive. 

Norfolk^  on  the  river  Elizabeth,  has  a  very 
commodiotis  harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal naval  stations  of  the  United  States.  It 
is  the  chief  seaport  of  Virginia,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Wheeling,  on  the 
Ohio  River,  has  a  large  trade  and  extensive 
manufactures.  The  hills  in  the  vicinity  con- 
tain inexhaustible  beds  of  coal.  Petersburg 
is  a  flourishing   town  on  the   Appomattox 


UXITED    STATES. 


river  and 
business. 


extensive   facilities   for 


Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Virginia? 
Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Principal  employment  ?  What 
are  the  productions  ?  Minerals  ?  Describe  the  Nat- 
ural Bridge.  When  was  Virginia  settled  ?  AVhat  do 
the  present  inhabitants  retain?  "What  is  said  of 
Richmond?     Norfolk?    Wheeling?     Petersburg? 


14.     NORTH  CAROLINA. 
Square  miles,  50,704.     Population,  921,852. 

The  eastern  section  of  North  Carolina  is 
level  and  sandj.  The  sea-coast  abounds  with 
swamps,  and  is  bordered  by  sand-bars. 

The  interior  is  undulating  and  productive. 
The  western  portion  is  a  broad  table-land, 
which  rises  into  the  Alleghany  mountains. 

Near  the  coast  the  climate  is  hot,  but  the 
elevated  portions  are  cooler  and  more  salu- 
brious. 

The  chief  articles  of  cultivation  are  Indian 
corn,  tobacco,  sweet  potatoes,  wheat,  oats, 
cotton  .and  rice.  Its  forests  furnish  large 
quantities  of  lumber,  turpentine,  tar  and 
rosin. 

It  has  valuable  gold  mines  which  are  ex- 
tensively wrought.  Iron,  copper  and  coal 
are  also  found. 

Rice,  cotton  and  naval  stores  are  the  prin- 
cipal exports. 

Raleigh,  the  capital,  has  an  elevated  and 
healthful  situation,  and  is  laid  out  with  great 
regularitv.  It  contains  a  fine  State  House 
built  of  granite  after  the  model  of  the  Par- 
thenon. 

Wilinwgton  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
state.  It  is  located  on  the  Cape  Fear  river, 
thirty-five  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Newbern  and  Fay- 
etteville  are  also  towns  of  considerable  trade 
and  commerce. 


Questions.  What  is  the  surface  and  soil  of  the 
eastern  part  of  North  Carolina?  Of  its  interior? 
Western  ?  What  is  the  climate  ?  What  are  the 
chief  productions  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  gold 
mines  ?  Exports  ?  Raleigh  ?  Wilmington  ?  New- 
bern and  Fayetteville  ? 


15.     SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
Square  miles,  29,385.     Population,  705,661. 

Upon  the  sea-coast.  South  Carolina  is  level 
and  marshy.  The  interior  and  western  por- 
tions are  undulating. 

The  soil  is  in  many  places  sandy  and  un- 
})roductive,  but  much  of  it  is  rich  and  fer- 
tile, especially  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 

In  the  lowlands,  the  climate  is  moist  and 
unhealthful, — in  the  elevated  districts,  it  is 
more  temperate  and  agreeable. 

The  inhabitants  are  mostly  farmers  or 
planters.  Cotton,  rice,  Indian  corn,  sweet 
potatoes,  wheat,  oats  and  tobacco,  are  the 
principal  agricultural  productions. 

There  are  several  islands  along  the  coast 
of  this  state  and  Georgia,  which  produce  the 
finest  cotton,  called  "  Sea  Island  Cotton." 

The  tropical  fruits  here  begin  to  flourish, 
as  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  &c. 

South  Carolina  has  few  manufactures,  but 
considerable  commerce.  Its  exports  of  cot- 
ton and  rice  are  extensive. 

Columbia,  its  capital,  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated. 

Charleston-,  at  the  junction  of  the  Ashley 
and  Cooper  rivers,  is  handsomely  builr,  and 
the  largest  city  between  Baltimore  and  New 
Orleans.  It  is  the  principal  sea-port  of  the 
state,  and  has  a  large  commerce.  Camden, 
on  the  Wateree  river,  is  noted  for  the  defeat 
of  General  Gates,  by  Lord  Cornwallis,  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  A  battle  was  also  fought 
here  between  the  Americans  under  General 
Greene  and  the  British  under  Lord  Rawdon. 


UNITED    STATES. 


1Z 


:    ,i 


Charleston,  S.  C. 


Georgetown,    situated   on  Winyaw  bay,   is  a 
place  of  some  trade. 

Questions.  Describe  the  surface  of  South  Caroli- 
na. Soil.  Climate.  What  can  you  say  of  its  pro- 
ductions ?  Manufactures  and  commerce  ?  Columbia  ? 
Charleston  ?     Camden  ?     Georgetown  ? 


16.     GEORGIA. 
Square  miles,  58,000.     Population,  935,090. 

Georgia  is  a  large  and  flourishing  state, 
level  on  the  coast,  hilly  in  the  interior,  and 
mountainous  in  the  north. 

The  Okefeiiokee  Swamp  extends  from 
Florida  into  its  southern  part,  and  abounds 
with  alligators  and  reptiles. 

Cotton,  rice,  sweet  potatoes  and  Indian  corn 
are  the  chief  articles  of  cultivation,  but  large 
quantities  of  wheat,  oats,  sugar,  tobacco  and 
fruits  are  produced. 


The  manufactures  of  Georgia  are  limited, 
but  increasing  in  importance.  Quite  a  num- 
ber of  railroads  are  in  operation. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  education. 

MiLLEDGEViLLE,  the  Capital  of  the  state, 
is  regularly  laid  out  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Oconee  river. 

Savannah  is  the  principal  city  and  seaport 
of  Georgia.  It  is  pleasantly  located  on  a 
high  bluff  of  the  Savannah  river,  eighteen 
miles  from  its  mouth,  has  considerable  trade, 
and  abounds  with  a  flowering  tree,  called  the 
"Pride  of  China."  Augusta  is  a  beautiful 
city,  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  above 
Savannah,  on  the  Savannah  river.  It  has  a 
large  trade.  Columbus,  Macon,  Darien  and 
Atlanta,  are  also  thriving  towns. 

Questions.  "What  can  you  say  of  the  size  and 
general  features  of  Georgia?  What  of  the  Oke- 
fenokee    Swamp?      Name    the    chief    productions. 


UNITED    STATEI 


What  is  said  of  manufactures  and  railroads  ?  Of  ed- 
ucation? Describe  MilledgeviUe.  Savannah.  Au- 
gusta.    What  other  flourishing  towns? 


lY.     FLORIDA. 
Square  miles,  59,268.     Population,  110,725. 

Florida  is  a  peninsula  on  the  extreme 
south  of  the  United  States,  approaching 
within  a  degree  and  a  half  of  the  Torrid 
Zone.  The  southern  portion  is  covered 
with  marshes  and  shallow  lakes,  and  is  called 
' '  The  Everglades."  The  northern  and  central 
portions  are  mostly  level.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally sandy,  but  productive  in  many  parts. 
The  chief  products  are  cotton,  sugar-cane, 
rice,  tobacco,  Indian  corn  and  sweet  potatoes. 

Oranges,  dates,  figs  and  other  tropical 
fruits  abound,  with  a  great  variety  of  blos- 
soming plants. 

The  forests  yield  abundantly  cedar  and 
the  live  oak,  which  is  so  much  used  in  ship 
building. 

The  white  inhabitants  are  chiefly  confined 
to  the  northern  portions  of  the  state. 

Tallahassee,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  Appalachee  bay. 

St.  Augustine  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
the  United  States.  It  has  a  delightful  cli- 
mate, and  is  embosomed  in  orange  trees. 
Appalachicola,  onth^e  river  of  the  same  name, 
and  Pensacola,  on  Pensacola  bay,  are  both 
thriving  places,  and  have  considerable  trade. 
At  Pensacola  the  United  States  have  a  large 
naval  station,  with  a  marine  hospital.  Key 
West  is  the  most  populous  town  in  the  state, 
and  occupies  an  island  of  the  same  name 
four  miles  long  and  a  mile  wide.  It  has  a 
safe  and  capacious  harbor,  and  its  principal 


business  is  derived   from  salvages  and  other 
perquisites  of  wrecked  vessels. 

Questions.      What  can  you   say  of  the  surface 
of   Florida?     Of   its  soil?     Productions?      Of     its 
fruits  ?      Forests  ?     Where   do   the  whites  reside  ? 
What  is  said  of  Tallahassee  ?  St.  Augustine  ?  Appa-    1 
lachicola  ?     Pensacola  ?     Key  West  ? 


18.     ALABAMA. 
Square  miles,  50,722.     Population,  835,192. 

Alabama  is  generally  level,  except  in  the 
northern  part,  where  it  is  mountainous. 

The  soil  for  the  most  part  is  productive, 
and  in  many  places  very  rich.  The  climate 
is  quite  warm  in  the  southern  portion  of  the 
state.  Snow  and  ice  are  occasionally  seen 
in  the  mountainous  district. 

Agriculture  almost  solely  engages  the  at- 
tention of  its  inhabitants.  Cotton  and  Indian 
corn  are  the  great  staples.  Wheat,  oats,  sweet 
potatoes,  rice  and  tobacco,  are  also  raised. 

It  has  some  commerce  and  manufactures. 

Montgomery,  the  capital,  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Tuscaloosa  river. 

Mobile  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  and 
its  principal  seaport.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  Mobile  bay,  has  a  large 
commerce,  and  is  the  greatest  cotton  market 
in  the  United  States,  except  New  Orleans. 
Tuscaloosa,  Wetumj^ka  and  Huntsville,  are 
flourishing  towns,  possessing  considerable 
trade. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Alabama? 
Soil  and  climate  ?  The  leading  pursuit  ?  What  are 
the  productions  ?  What  is  said  of  commerce  and 
manufactures  ?  Of  Montgomery  ?  Mobile  ?  We- 
tumpka,  Tuscaloosa  and  Huntsville? 


UNITED   STATES. 


15 


Mobile,  Ala. 


19.     MISSISSIPPI. 

Square  miles,  47,156.     Population,  671,619. 

The  surface  of  Mississippi  slopes  towards 
the  south  and  west.  The  southern  part  is 
level; the  central  and  northern  portions  are 
undulating,  and  diversified  by  occasional 
bl  uifs  and  ranges  of  hills.  The  western  part 
of  the  state  upon  the  Mississippi  river,  is 
marshy. 

The  climate  is  warm,  and  the  soil  gen- 
erally rich  and  highly  productive. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  devoted  to  the 
raising  of  cotton.  Indian  corn,  rice  and 
sugar  are  also  produced.  Fruits,  such  as 
figs,  peaches  and  bananas,  are  abundant. 

The  plantations  of  Mississippi  are  gen- 
erally large,  and  often  contain  several  hun- 
dred negro  slaves  each. 


Its  first  settlers  were  of  French  descent, 
who  founded  the  town  of  Natchez  in  1716. 

Jackson  is  the  capital  of  the  state.  It  is 
pleasantly  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Pearl  river. 

Natchez  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  cities  in 
the  western  valley.  It  stands  on  a  high 
bluff  upon  the  Mississippi,  three  hundred 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  river.  Great 
numbers  of  steamboats  stop  here,  and  a  large 
trade  is  carried  on.  Vickshurg  has  a  very 
picturesque  site,  on  the  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  the  land  rising  in  terraces  from 
the  river.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  cot- 
ton. Columbus  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Tombigbee  river  one  hundred  and  eighty 
miles  from  Jackson.  It  is  surrounded  by  an 
extensive  planting  district  and  has  an  active 
business. 


76 


UNITED    STATES. 


New  Orleans,  La. 


Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Mississippi  ? 
Climate  ?  Principal  pursuits  ?  Productions  ?  "What 
is  said  of  the  plantations  ?  First  settlers  ?  Describe 
Jackson.     Natchez.     Vicksburg.     Columbus. 


20.    LOUISIANA. 
Square  miles,  41,255.     Population,  600,387. 

Louisiana  is  remarkably  level,  and  abounds 
with  swamps  and  pine  forests,  which  render 
much  of  its  surface  unfit  for  cultivation. 

The  soil  on  either  side  of  the  Mississippi 
river  is  very  fertile,  producing  large  crops 
of  cotton,  sugar,  rice,  Indian  corn  and  to- 
bacco.    The  tropical  fruits  are  abundant. 

The  climate,  in  summer,  is  excessively 
hot  and  often  sickly.  Agriculture  is  the 
leading  pursuit,  but  commerce  is  very  exten- 
sive and  important. 

Louisiana  formerly  belonged  to  the  French, 


of  whom  it  was  purchased  by  the  United 
States,  in  1803. 

Baton  Eouge,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  one  hundred 
and  thirty-one  miles  above  New  Orleans. 
It  stands  on  the  first  high  bank  which  occurs 
in  ascending  the  river,  arid  is  one  of  the 
healthiest  towns  in  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Mississippi  valley. 

New  Orleans  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Mississippi  river  about  one  hundred 
miles  from  its  mouth.  When  the  river  is 
high  the  surface  of  the  water  is  several  feet 
above  the  streets  of  the  city,  and  is  kept 
from  overflowing  by  levees.  This  city  is 
the  great  emporium  of  the  south-western  and 
western  states,  and  its  harbor  is  constantl}' 
crowded  with  ships,  steamboats,  and  the 
various  river  craft  of  the  West.  Many  of  the 
public  buildings  and  churches  of  New  Or- 


UNITED   STATES. 


nn 


leans  are  large  and  costly  structures.  The 
custom  house,  when  completed,  will  be  the 
largest  in  the  Southern  States.  The  benevo- 
lent institutions  are  extensive  and  well  con- 
ducted. Natchitoches  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
Red  River,  about  five  hundred  miles  from 
New  Orleans.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade,  having  regular  steam  communication 
with  New  Orleans.  Shreveport  is  a  thriving 
place  on  the  right  bank  of  Red  River,  about 
six  hundred  and  eighty  miles  by  water  above 
New  Orleans.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  an  ex- 
tensive planting  region  and  advantageously 
situated  for  trade. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  the  surface  of 
Louisiana  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Agriculture  and  com- 
merce ?  Of  whom  was  this  state  purchased  ?  De- 
scribe Baton  Rouge.  New  Orleans.  Natchitoches. 
Shreveport. 


21.     TEXAS. 

Square  miles,  237,504.     Population,  500,000. 

Texas  is  the  largest  of  the  United  States 
in  extent  of  territory.  It  embraces  almost 
every  variety  of  surface  within  its  limits. 
It  is  level  in  the  south-east,  undulating  in 
the  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the  west 
and  north-west.  The  Great  American  Plain 
extends  sixty  miles  within  the  bounds  of 
Texas  on  the  north. 

The  climate  is  free  from  the  ex1;remes  of 
both  the  torrid  and  temperate  zones.  The 
heats  of  summer  are  much  mitigated  by  the 
winds  which  blow  steadily  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  during  that  season. 

The  soil  is  varied,  yet  its  general  character 


is  that  of  great  fertility.  Cotton,  Indian 
corn  and  tobacco  are  the  staple  products. 
Sugar-cane  is  cultivated  in  the  level  country. 
Oranges,  lemons  and  other  fruits  grow  well. 
Cayenne  pepper  is  raised  in  large  quantities. 

The  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  salt,  copper 
and  iron.  An  immense  bed  of  gypsum  tra- 
verses the  north-west  portion  of  the  state. 

Bisons,  wild  horses  and  cattle  roam  the 
prairies  in  large  herds. 

Texas  formerly  belonged  to  Mexico.  It 
declared  its  independence  in  1836,  and  in 
1845  was  annexed  to  the  United  States. 

Austin,  the  capital,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
situated  on  the  Colorado.  The  river  is  navi- 
gable to  this  point  during  winter.  The 
scenery  around  Austin  is  highly  picturesque. 

Galveston  is  situated  on  Galveston  island, 
and  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Texas.  It  is 
rapidly  increasing  in  population,  and  has 
considerable  commerce.  Houston  is  situated 
on  the  Buffalo  Bayou  about  two  hundred 
miles  from  Austin.  It  is  well  situated  for 
trade  at  the  head  of  steam  navigation,  and  is 
the  principal  shipping  port  for  several  adja- 
cent counties.  Matagorda  is  situated  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Colorado  River.  It  has  considerable  trade 
and  is  the  depot  for  the  produce  of  one  of 
the  richest  valleys  in  the  state.  The  sea- 
breeze  renders  this  place  a  favorite  summer 
residence  of  citizens  from  the  interior. 

Questions.  What  is  the  size  of  Texas  ?  Surface  ? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  its  productions  ?  Min- 
erals ?  What  animals  rove  the  prairies  ?  When  was 
it  annexed  to  the  United  States  ?  Describe  Austin. 
Galveston.     Houston.    Matagorda. 


IS 


UNITED   STATES. 


%j'-ti'i(- 


Western  States. 


WESTERN  STATES. 

The  Western  States  are  Ohio,  Michigan, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ar- 
kansas, Missouri,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota and  California. 

They  comprise  the  greater  portion  of  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  branches, 
and  abound  with  extensive  forests,  vast  prai- 
ries and  majestic  rivers. 

The  climate  is  warmer  than  in  states  of 
the  same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 

The  Western  States  are  rapidly  filling  up 
with  emigrants  from  Europe  and  the  older 
States. 

In  some  of  the  Western  States  a  great 
interest  is  manifested  in  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion. Large  appropriations  have  been  made 
for  instruction  in  public  schools,  and  these 
schools  have  very  much  improved. 

Colleges  and  seminaries  of  learning  have 
been  established  in  important  places. 


Questions.  Name  the  Western  States.  What  do 
they  comprise?  What  is  their  climate?  What  is 
said  of  emigrants  ?    Education  ? 


22.     ARKANSAS. 

Square  miles,  52,198.     Population,  253,117. 

The  eastern  section  of  Arkansas  is  marshy, 
and  subject  to  inundations.  The  remaining 
parts  are  elevated  and  broken.  In  the  low 
lands,  the  climate  is  unhealthful ;  in  the  ele- 
vated districts,  salubrious. 

Near  the  rivers  the  soil  is  generally  fertile. 
Kemote  from  them  it  is  sterile. 

The  productions  are  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
wheat,  oats,  tobacco  and  sweet  potatoes.  It 
also  produces  fine  fruits. 

There  are  numerous  hot  springs  about 
fifty  miles  west  of  Little  Eock,  which  are 
much  resorted  to  by  invalids.  There  is  a 
fine  cold  spring  so  near  one  of  these  warm 


UNITED    STATES. 


79 


springs  that  a  person  can  put  one  hand  into 
hot  and  the  other  into  cold  water  at  the  same 
time. 

Little  Eock,  on  the  Arkansas  river,  is 
the  capital  and  most  important  town  of  the 
state. 

Van  Buren,  on  the  Arkansas  river,  is  a 
place  of  extensive  commercial  business  and 
some  manufactures. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Arkan- 
sas? Climate?  Soil?  Productions?  Describe  the 
boiling  springs.     Little  Rock.    Van  Buren. 


23.     MISSOURI. 

Square  miles,  67,380.     Population,  831,215. 

The  surface  of  this  state  is  agreeably  diver- 
sified; the  climate  subject  to  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold ;  and  the  soil  in  general  very 
productive. 

Agriculture  and  mining  are  the  leading 
pursuits.  The  chief  productions  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat,  tobacco,  oats,  potatoes,  butter 
and  cheese.  Great  numbers  of  cattle  are 
reared. 

Missouri  abounds  in  mineral  treasures. 
There  are  several  small  mountains  composed 
almost  entirely  of  iron  ore.  Lead  is  very 
abundant;  also  coal,  marble  and  freestone. 

Jefferson  City,  the  capital  of  the  state, 
occupies  a  high  and  commanding  position 
on  a  bluff  of  the  Missouri  river. 

St.  Louis,  its  largest  city,  is  situated  on  the 
Mississippi  river,  and  possesses  great  facilities 
for  trade  and  commerce.  It  contains  many 
elegant  buildings,  and  is  rapidly  increasing 
in  wealth  and  importance.  St.  Charles,  near 
the  junction  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
rivers,  has  a  pleasant  location  and  consider- 
able trade.  Independence  is  the  starting  point 
in  the  trade  with  New  Mexico  and  Utah. 


Questions.  Describe  the  surface,  climate  and  soil 
of  Missouri.  What  are  the  chief  pursuits?  Pro- 
ducts ?  Minerals  ?  Describe  Jefferson  City.  St. 
Louis.     St.  Charles.     Independence. 


24.     TENNESSEE. 
Square  miles,  45,600.     Population,!, 092,470. 

The  eastern  section  of  Tennessee  is  moun- 
tainous and  rugged;  the  we^ern,  level  or 
undulating.  It  is  divided  by  the  Cumber- 
land mountains  into  East  and  West  Ten- 
nessee. 

It  has  a  mild,  agreeable  climate,  and  in 
general  a  fertile  soil.  Agriculture  is  the 
leading  pursuit.  Cotton,  tobacco  and  Indian 
corn  are  the  chief  products.  Oats,  wheat 
and  potatoes  are  also  cultivated. 

Immense  numbers  of  swine  and  mules  are 
raised  in  the  state. 

Iron  and  coal  are  found  in  abundance. 

This  state  also  abounds  with  numerous 
wonderful  caves,  from  which  nitrous  earth  is 
obtained  for  the  manufacture  of  saltpetre. 

Fossil  remains  of  gigantic  antediluvian 
animals  have  been  discovered,  particularly 
of  the  mastodon.  Among  the  Enchanted 
mountains,  so  called,  are  found  footprints  of 
animals  imbedded  in  limestone. 

Nashville  has  a  pleasant  site  on  the 
Cumberland  river.  It  is  the  most  wealthy 
and  prosperous  city  of  Tennessee,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  enterprising  spirit,  literary 
taste  and  polished  society. 

Memphis,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  river, 
is  an  important  commercial  town, 

Qttestions.  Describe  the  surface  of  Tennessee. 
Climate  and  soil.  Name  the  chief  pursuit.  Produc- 
tions. What  is  said  of  manufactures  and  commerce  f 
Of  caves  ?    Nashville  ?    Memphis  ? 


80 


UNITED   STATES. 


Mammoth  Cave,  Ky. 


25.     KENTUCKY. 

Square  miles,  37,680.     Population,  1,086,587. 

The  eastern  portion  of  Kentucky  is  moun- 
tainous. Along  the  Ohio  river  it  is  hilly. 
The  remaining  portions  are  undulating  or 
level. 

It  has  an  agreeable  and  healthful  climate, 
and  a  very  productive  soil,  adapted  to  the 
raising  of  various  kinds  of  grain. 

Wheat,  Indian  corn,  hemp,  flax  and  to- 
bacco are  the  staple  productions.  Fruits  of 
excellent  quality  abound.  Horses  and  cattle 
are  reared  in  great  numbers. 


Limestone  is  everywhere  found,  and  salt 
springs  are  numerous,  around  which  the 
bones  of  the  mastodon  have  been  frequently 
found. 

Agriculture  is  the  main  pursuit,  although 
manufactures  and  commerce  receive  much 
attention. 

Kentucky  abounds  with  numerous  caves, 
of  which  the  "Mammoth  Cave"  is  the  most 
stupendous  one  known  in  the  world.  It 
has  been  explored  for  more  than  fifteen 
miles,  and   contains   numerous   apartments, 


UNITED   STATES. 


81 


Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


magnificent  arches,  and  a  navigable  stream, 
abounding  with  eyeless  fish. 

Kentucky  was  settled  in  1767,  by  the  re- 
nowned Daniel  Boone,  and  a  few  followers. 

Erankfort,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
beautifully  situated  on  a  plain  that  overlooks 
the  Kentucky  river. 

Louisville,  the  largest  city  of  the  state, 
rises  gradually  from  the  Ohio  river,  on  which 
it  is  situated.  It  has  broad  and  regular 
streets,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  com- 
merce and  manufactures.  Lexington  has  a 
very  pleasant  site,  and  a  number  of  excellent 
literary  institutions. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Kentucky? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  the  chief  productions  ? 
Employments  ?  What  wonderful  cave  has  Ken- 
tucky ?  When  was  Kentucky  settled,  and  by  whom  ? 
Describe  Frankfort     Louisville.     Lexington. 


26.     OHIO. 

Square  miles,  39,964.     Population,  2,215,750. 

Ohio  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and 
important  of  the  United  States. 

It  has  in  general  a  very  level  surface,  fer- 
tile soil,  and  a  mild  climate. 

Its  chief  products  are  wheat  and  Indian 
corn,  though  oats,  rye,  buckwheat  and  to- 
bacco, and  the  fruits  of  the  middle  states  are 
raised  in  abundance.  Butter,  cheese  and 
maple-sugar  are  produced  to  some  extent. 
Large  numbers  of  horses  and  cattle  are  sent 
to  the  eastern  markets. 

The  great  lakes,  in  connection  with  the 
rivers,  canals  and  railroads  of  this  state,  afford 
abundant  facilities  for  inland  commerce  and 
manufactures,  both  of  which  are  in  a  very 
flourishing  condition. 

Iron  and  coal  are  found  extensively. 


82 


UNITED   STATES. 


The  state  has  made  very  liberal  appropri- 
tipns  for  her  public  schools,  both  for  instruc- 
tion, and  for  libraries  and  apparatus. 

Ohio  was  settled  in  1788,  but  it  grew  very 
slowly  till  1810.  Since  that  time  it  has  in- 
creased rapidly  in  wealth  and  population. 

Columbus,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  finely 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  River  Scioto. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  populous 
country  and  is   a  place  of  active  business. 

The  capitol  is  three  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  feet  long,  by  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
four  wide,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings 
in  the  state.  The  other  principal  edifices  are 
the  Ohio  Lunatic  Asylum,  Institution  for  the 
Blind,  Asylum  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  the 
Penitentiary. 

Cincinnati^  the  largest  city  in  the  state, 
and  the  "Queen  city"  of  the  west,  is  situated 
on  the  Ohio,  and  rises  by  terraces  from  the 
river's  brink.  It  has  grown  with  great  ra- 
pidity, and  is  distinguished  for  its  wealth, 
and  its  literary  institutions,  as  well  as  for  its 
manufactures  and  trade.  Cleveland  is  a  beau- 
tiful city  situated  on  Lake  Erie,  possessing 
great  commercial  facilities.  It  has  one  of  the 
best  harbors  on  the  lake.  Sandusky^  situated 
on  Sandusky  bay,  and  Toledo  on  the  Maumee 
river,  are  both  flourishing  cities  engaged  in 
the  commerce  of  the  lakes.  Dayton,  Zanes- 
ville  and  Steuhenville  are  thriving  places  and 
largely  engaged  in  manufactures.  Chilicothe 
and  Lancaster  are  also  important  towns. 

Questions.  How  does  Ohio  rank  among  the  states  ? 
What  is  its  surface,  soil  and  climate  ?  Name  the  chief 
products  ?  What  is  said  of  horses  and  cattle  ?  Com- 
merce and  manufactures  ?  Iron  and  coal  ?  Of  edu- 
cation? Its  settlement  and  growth?  Describe  Co- 
lumbus. Cincinnati,  Cleveland.  Sandusky  and 
Toledo.     What  other  important  towns  ? 


27.     INDIANA. 

Square  miles,  33,809.     Population,  1,149,606. 

Indiana  is  generally  level  except  in  the 
south-west,  which  is  broken  and  rocky. 

The  climate  is  mild,  and  the  soil  exceed- 
ingly fertile,  especially  on  the  river  bottoms. 

The  inhabitants  are  principally  devoted  to 
agriculture,  though  the  state  possesses  re- 
markable facilities  for  manufactures  which 
have  been  to  some  extent  improved. 

Large  quantities  of  Indian  corn,  wheat, 
oats,  pork  and  beef,  are  exported. 

Copper,  iron  and  coal  are  the  chief  min- 
erals ;  salt  springs  are  also  found,  and  several 
interesting  caves  have  been  discovered  and 
explored  for  many  miles. 

This  state  has  an  extensive  school  fund 
and  common  schools  are  rapidly  increasing. 

Indianapolis,  the  seat  of  government,  is 
pleasantly  situated  near  the  White  river.  It 
is  the  terminus  of  seven  railroads,  which 
give  it  important  facilities  for  trade.  It  has 
an  elegant  state-house  and  other  public  build- 
ings. 

New  Albany  is  a  flourishing  city  on  the  Ohio 
river,  remarkable  for  its  rapid  growth  and 
active  trade.  Steamboat  building  is  carried 
on  very  extensively  here.  Madison  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  for  trade,  and  has  a 
considerable  amount  of  capital  employed  in 
manufactures.  La  Fayette  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  Wabash  and  is  the  principal 
grain  market  in  the  state. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Indiana  ?  Cli- 
mate and  soil  ?  Name  the  principal  pursuits.  Ex- 
ports. Minerals.  What  is  said  of  common  schools  ? 
Indianapolis?  New  Albany?  Madison?  La  Fay- 
ette? 


UNITED    STATES. 


Chicago,  111. 


28.    ILLINOIS. 

Square  miles,  55,405.     Population,  1,242,917. 

Illinois,  in  surface,  climate,  soil  and  pro- 
ductions, resembles  Indiana. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  pursuit ;  and  Indian 
corn,  wheat  and  oats,  with  a  variety  of  fruits 
and  vegetables,  are  raised  in  the  greatest 
abundance. 

The  prairies  afford  fine  pasture  for  horses, 
cattle,  sheep  and  swine,  which  are  reared  in 
great  numbers. 

Lead,  coal  and  iron  abound.  The  lead 
mines  of  Galena  are  very  profitable. 

Illinois  has  made  ample  provision  for  edu- 
cation, and  has  an  extended  system  of  inter- 
nal improvements. 

Springfield,  the  capital,  is  a  flourishing 
town  near  the  center  of  the  state.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  rich  and  extensive  prairies,  which 
contain  large  quantities  of  bituminous  coal. 


Chicago,  on  lake  Michigan,  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  state.  It  has  grown  with  remark- 
able rapidity,  and  is  the  center  of  a  large 
and  greatly  increasing  trade.  It  communi- 
cates by  means  of  the  chain  of  lakes  and 
railroads  with  the  Atlantic  cities,  and  by  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  canal  and  by  railroads 
with  the  country  west  and  south. 

Peoria  is  a  flourishing  city  beautifully  sit- 
uated on  the  Illinois  river,  and  has  an  exten- 
sive trade.  Alton,  Quincy  and  Rock  Island 
on  the  Mississippi  river,  are  rapidl}'' increns- 
ing  in  population  and  importance.  Galena 
is  the  center  of  mining  operations  for  this 
state. 

Questions.  What  can  you  say  of  Illinois,  in  sur- 
face, climate,  soil,  &c. ?  Agriculture  and  products? 
Horses,  cattle,  &c.  ?  Minerals  ?  Education  and  in- 
ternal improvements?  Springfield?  Chicago?  Pe- 
oria?   Alton,  Quincy  and  Rock  Island?     Galena? 


UNITED   STATES. 


Detroit,  Mich. 


29.     MICHIGAN. 
Square  miles,  56,243.     Population,  509,374 

Michigan  consists  of  two  peninsulas,  the 
northern  lying  between  Lakes  Superior  and 
Michigan,  and  the  southern  between  Lakes 
Huron,  St.  Clair  and  Erie,  on  the  east,  and 
Lake  Michigan  on  the  west. 

The  northern  peninsula  is  rugged  and  in 
some  parts  mountainous.  The  southern  con- 
sists of  an  extensive  undulating  plain  seldom 
broken. 

The  northern  part  is  cold,  with  a  sterile 
soil.  The  southern  is  mild  and  very  fertile. 
The  staple  products  are  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
oats,  potatoes,  butter,  maple-sugar,  wool  and 
live  stock. 

The  northern  peninsula  is  very  rich  in  cop- 
per. Iron,  silver,  lead,  gypsum  and  coal  are 
found.     Michigan   has  an  efficient  common 


school  system,  and  is  doing  much    for  the 
interests  of  education. 

Lansing,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Grand  river,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
from  Detroit, 

Detroit^  the  principal  city  of  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Detroit  river. 
It  has  great  advantages  for  trade  and  com- 
merce. Monroe,  on  the  river  Raisin,  is  con- 
nected with  the  lake  by  a  ship  canal,  and  is 
the  principal  market  for  wheat  products  in 
this  part  of  the  state.  Ann  ArI)or,  Adrian, 
Jackson,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  Rapids,  and 
Grand  Haven,  are  important,  thriving  towns, 
engaged  in  manufactures  and  trade. 

On  the  southern  shores  of  lake  Superior 
are  bluffs  and  precipices,  towering  to  the 
height  of  three  hundred  feet,  and  overhang- 
ing the  water,  They  are  called  the  "Pic- 
tured Bocks,"   because  the  waters  have  by 


UNITED    STATES. 


Madison,  Wis. 


their  ceaseless  surges  worn  them  into  various 
forms  of  grace  and  beauty. 

Questions.  Of  what  does  Michigan  consist  ?  De- 
scribe the  surface  of  Michigan.  Climate  and  soil. 
What  are  its  staple  products  ?  Minerals  ?  What  is 
said  of  Education?  Describe  Lansing.  Detroit. 
Monroe.     Ann  Arbor,  &c.     The  "  Pictured  Rocks." 


30.     WISCONSIN. 
Square  miles,  53,924.     Population,  552,109. 

Wisconsin  has  an  undulating,  and  in  some 
parts  a  hilly  surface,  but  no  mountains. 

Its  southern  portion  has  a  mild  climate, 
and  very  productive  soil.  The  northern 
section  is  more  sterile. 

The  chief  agricultural  productions  are 
wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats  and  potatoes.  Con- 
siderable quantities  of  rye,  peas,  barley  and 
buckwheat  are  also  raised. 

It  is  rich  m  lead  and  iron.     Copper,  fine 


marble,  and  gypsum  are  found  to  some 
extent. 

This  state  has  increased  in  population  with 
great  rapidity. 

Liberal  appropriations  have  been  made  for 
the  support  of  common  schools. 

Madison,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  an  isthmus  betweenThird  and  Fourth 
lakes.  The  capitol  is  a  fine  limestone  struc- 
ture, surrounded  by  a  public  square.  The 
city  is  well  situated  for  business,  and  pos- 
sesses many  attractions  to  those  seeking 
health  and  pleasure. 

Milwaukic  is  located  on  the  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan.  The  general  appearance  of  the 
city  is  peculiar  and  striking  from  the  color 
and  superior  quality  of  the  bricks  used  in 
building.  They  are  of  a  delicate  and  en- 
during cream  color  which  is  highly  agree- 
able to  the  eye.  It  is  the  center  of  trade  for 
a  rich  and  rapidly  improving  country.    It  has 


86 


UNITED    STATES. 


an  extensive  water  power  employed  in  vari- 
ous manufactures.  Its  commerce  is  rapidly 
increasing.  Racine,  situated  on  the  west 
shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  second  city 
in  the  state  in  population  and  commerce, 
and  has  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  the  lake. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  with  wide  streets,  and 
contains  a  number  of  fine  public  buildings. 
Green  Bay,  La  Crosse,  Jaiiesvilk,  and  Fond 
du  Lac,iiTQ  flourishing  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  Wisconsin? 
Climate  and  soil  ?  What  are  the  chief  agricultural 
productions  ?  Minerals  ?  What  is  said  of  the  increase 
of  population  ?  Common  Schools  ?  Madison  ?  Mil- 
waukie  ?    Racine  ?    Green  Bay,  &c.  ? 


31.     IOWA. 
Square  miles,  50,914     Population,  335,014. 

The  surface  of  Iowa  is  generally  composed 
of  rolling  prairies  crossed  by  rivers  whose 
banks  are  skirted  with  wood.  A  small  por- 
tion in  the  north-east  is  rugged  and  rocky. 

The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  the  climate 
agreeable  and  healthful.  The  staple  produc- 
tions are  Indian  corn,  wheat  and  live  stock. 

Its  lead  mines  are  very  rich.  Coal,  iron, 
copper  and  limestone, abound. 

Agriculture  and  mining  are  the  leading 
pursuits. 

Des  Moines,  the  capital,  became  the  seat 
of  government  in  1857. 

Dubuque  is  the  central  depot  of  the  mining 
region  of  Iowa,  and  a  place  of  active  trade. 
Davenport  is  a  flourishing  city  on  the  Missis- 
sippi at  the  foot  of  the  upper  rapids.  Mus- 
catine, Burlington,  Council  Bluff,  and  Iowa 
City  are  important  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  the  surface  of  Iowa? 
Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  Mines?  Pursuits? 
Des  Moines  ?    Dubuque  ?     Davenport,  &c.  ? 


32.     CALIFORNIA. 
Square  miles,  155,980.     Population,  335,000. 

California  is  the  most  western  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  extends  for  seven  hundred 
miles  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

It  has  an  undulating  surface  with  numer- 
ous valleys,  deep  ravines  and  high  mountains. 

The  climate  is  warm  and  dry  in  summer, 
and  wet  in  winter. 

In  the  valleys,  the  soil  is  very  fertile.  Bar- 
ley, wheat,  oats,  potatoes  and  fruits  are  the 
chief  products.  In  the  southern  parts,  the 
fruits  of  tropical  climates  are  produced. 

The  rich  deposits,  of  gold  make  this  one 
of  the  most  important  mineral  regions  in  the 
world.  Quicksilver  is  found  in  abundance. 
Copper,  silver  and  platina  have  been  discov- 
ered in  various  places. 

California  was  first  colonized  by  the  Span- 
iards. It  became  a  province  of  Mexico,  and 
was  subject  to  revolutions  and  disturbances, 
till  by  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1848,  it  became 
a  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  discovery  of  gold  in  1847,  attracted 
the  attention  of  multitudes  of  adventurers, 
and  was  the  principal  cause  of  the  early  rapid 
growth  of  California,  which  gained  for  it 
admission  into  the  Union  as  a  state,  in  1850. 

Sacramento  City  is  situated  on  the  Sacra- 
mento River  about  one  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  from  the  ocean,  and  is  extensively  en- 
gaged in  trade.  It  is  accessible  for  steamers 
and  sailing  vessels  of  a  large  size,  at  all  sea- 
sons of  the  year.  Its  streets  are  well  laid 
out,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles. 

San  Francisco  lies  on  the  western  side 
of  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  has  a  fine  harbor,  and  considerable 
commerce.  It  is  the  natural  market  for  the 
state,  and  one  of  the  finest  ports  in  the  world. 
Slockton,  near  the  San  Joaquin  River,  is  an 
important  trading   point  for  the  southern 


UNITED    STATES. 


87 


San  Francisco,  Cal. 


mines,  and  MarysviTle  on  the  Feather  river, 
for  the  northern  mines. 

Questions.  How  is  California  situated  ?  What 
is  its  Surface?  Climate?  Soil?  Productions? 
Minerals?  History?  Describe  Sacramento.  San 
Francisco.     Stockton  and  Marysville. 


33.     MINNESOTA. 

Square  miles,  75,000.     Population,  190,000. 

Minnesota  abounds  in  lakes  and  ponds, 
and  though  there  are  no  high  mountains  in 
the  state,  it  is  the  most  elevated  tract  of  land 
between  Hudson's  Bay  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  from  its  central  heights,  sends 
its  waters  to  every  point  of  the  compass. 

The  climate  is  cold,  especially  in  the  north- 
ern part.  The  soil  is  various,  but  generally 
fertile  in  the  valleys  of  the  rivers. 

The  agricultural  productions  are  Indian 
corn,  wheat  and  oats.  Copper,  lead  and  iron 
are  the  principal  minerals. 


It  abounds  in  wild  animals,  among  which 
the  buffalo,  elk,  deer  and  antelope  are  found, 

St.  Paul  is  a  flourishing  city  situated  on 
the  Mississippi,  nine  miles  below  the  fall?  of 
St.  Anthony.  It  is  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  and  a  place  of  active  business. 
Its  growth  has  been  rapid. 

St.  Anthony,  situated  at  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  is  an  important  place.  It  has  an 
immense  water  power,  which  is  being  rap- 
idly improved  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  Minnesota  ?  Climate  ? 
Soil  ?  Productions  ?  Minerals  ?  Animals  ?  St  Paul  ? 
St.  Anthony  ? 


TERRITORIES. 
The  Territories  of  the  United  States  com- 
prise that  portion  of  the  country  not  yet 
organized  with  state  governments,  and  ad- 
mitted into  the  confederacy  as  states.  They 
are  mostly  thinly  settled,  or  in  a  wild  state. 


UNITED    STATES. 


The  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 


A  portion  have  territorial  governments,  and 
send  delegates  to  Congress.  Some  of  them 
are  rapidly  increasing  in  population  and 
wealth,  and  will  soon  be  organized  as  states, 
and  admitted  into  the  Union. 

Questions.      What    constitutes    the    territories? 
What  is  their  condition  ? 


34.     NEBRASKA. 
Square  miles,  335,882. 

Nebraska  Territory  includes  a  large  tract 
of  country  formerly  comprised  in  the  Mis- 
souri Territory,  with  part  of  Indian  Territory, 
and  extends  from  the  Missouri  Eiver  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

The  surface  is  principally  prairie  land, 
watered  by  the  Missouri,  Nebraska,  and  Yel- 
low Stone  Rivers,  and  their  branches. 

A  tract  known  as  " The  Bad  Lands"  near 
the  head  waters  of  the  White  Earth  River, 


eighty  or  ninety  miles  long  and  thirty  wide, 
is  lower  than  the  surrounding  prairies,  and 
studded  with  prismatic  and  columnar  masses, 
and  contains  great  numbers  of  fossils  from 
tribes  of  animals  now  extinct,  many  of  which 
are  of  enormous  size. 

Omaha  City  is  beautifully  located  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Missouri,  twenty  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Nebraska  River. 

Questions.  What  does  Nebraska  include  ?  What 
is  said  of  the  surface  ?  The  Bad  Lands  ?  Omaha 
City? 


35.     KANSAS. 
Square  miles,  114,798.     Population,  70,000.* 
Kansas  Territory  lies  between  37°  and40<» 
north  latitude,  and  between  94°  80'  and  108° 
west  longitude. 
The  eastern  part  of  the  territory  is  level, 

•  1857. 


UNITED    STATES. 


New  Mexico. 


or  gently  undulating,  the  western  varied, 
hilly  and  sometimes  mountainous. 

It  has  numerous  rivers.  The  Missouri 
forms  its  north-eastern  boundary.  The  Kan- 
sas is  the  largest  river,  principally  within  the 
territory,  and  is  said  to  be  navigable  for  900 
miles. 

The  eastern  portion  and  the  valleys  of  the 
principal  rivers  are  unrivaled  in  fertility. 
Its  productions  are  similar  to  those  of  Mis- 
souri. 

It  has  valuable  forest  trees  and  timber, 
consisting  of  oak,  hickory,  ash,  cotton  wood 
and  sugar  maple,  on  the  river  bottoms,  and 
cedar,  pine  and  poplar,  on  the  slopes  of  the 
mountains. 

Kansas  was  erected  into  a  territory  in 
1854,  and  has  since  rapidly  increased  in  pec- 
ulation and  wealth. 

Leavenworth,  Wahounse,  TopeJca,  Lecomp- 
ion,  and  Lawrence  are  among  the  most  im- 
portant places. 

Questions,  How  is  Kansas  situated?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  ?  Rivers  ?  Soil  ?  Productions  ? 
Trees  ?  When  was  Kansas  organized  as  a  territory  ? 
What  is  said  of  Leavenworth,  &c.  ? 


36.     INDIAN   TERRITORY 
Square  miles,  71,127. 

Indian  Territory  lies  west  of  Arkansas, 
between  Kansas  and  Texas. 

It  is  inhabited  principally  by  Indians, 
many  of  whom  removed  from  the  Southern 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi.  The  Chero- 
kees,  Choctaws,  Creeks  and  Chickasaws  are 
the  most  improved  of  the  aborigines,  and 
are  advancing  in  civilization.  There  are 
good  schools  and  churches  among  them. 

Questions.  Where  is  Indian  Territory  ?  By 
whom  is  it  principally  inhabited  ?  What  is  said  of 
the  Cherokees,  &c.  ? 


37.    NEW  MEXICO. 
Square  miles,  207,007.     Population,  61,547. 

New  Mexico  is  south  of  Utah,  between 
Texas  and   California. 

This  territory  is  principally  a  high  table- 
land traversed  by  broken  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, the  most  prominent  of  which  is  the 
Sierra  Madre. 

The  chief  rivers  are  the  Kio  Grande,  Gila 
and  Colorado. 


UNITED   STATES. 


The  soil  is  generally  sterile,  except  in  the 
valleys  of  the  rivers,  which  are  productive, 
yielding  large  crops  of  wheat,  Indian  corn, 
oats  and  barley,  and  apples,  peaches,  melons 
and  grapes. 

The  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  iron,  copper, 
lead,  coal  and  gypsum. 

The  inhabitants  are  Indians,  Mexicans 
and  Americans. 

New  Mexico  is  a  part  of  the  tract  acquired 
from  Mexico  by  the  treaty  of  1848. 

Santa  Fe,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Santa  Fe  River,  a  branch  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  houses  are  princially  built  of  adobes,  or 
sun-dried  bricks.  Each  house  usually  forms 
a  square  with  a  court  within,  upon  which 
nearly  all  the  apartments  open.  This  town 
is  the  great  emporium  of  the  overland  trade 
from  Missouri  and  Kansas. 

Questions.  Where  is  New  Mexico  situated  ? 
What  is  its  surface  ?  Its  principal  rivers  ?  Soil  ? 
Minerals  ?  Inhabitants  ?  When  was  New  Mexico 
acquired  ?    Describe  Santa  Fe. 


88.     UTAH. 
Square  miles,  269,170.     Population,  11,480. 

Utah  Territory  is  situated  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  is  wholly  in  the  in- 
terior. 

The  eastern  part  is  diversified  with  hills, 
mountains  and  fertile  valleys.  The  west- 
ern portion,  known  as  the  Great  or  Fremont 
Basin,  is  an  elevated  table  land  hemmed 
in  by  mountains,  with  its  own  system  of 
rivers  and  lakes. 

The  climate  of  the  plateau,  in  mid-summer, 
is  dry  and  hot,  with  cool  mornings  and  even- 
ings. The  winters  are  mild,  and  the  tem- 
perature is  generally  more  uniform  than  in 
the  eastern  states. 


The  greater  part  of  the  territory  is  barren 
and  can  not  be  cultivated  with  profit.  Some 
of  the  valleys  are  fertile,  and  produce  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  barley  and  Indian  corn. 

Gold  has  been  discovered  in  considerable 
quantities;  and  salt  is  collected  from  the 
lakes. 

The  most  extensive  lake  is  the  Great  Salt 
Lake.  It  is  about  seventy  miles  long  and 
thirty  wide,  with  no  visible  outlet.  The 
water  is  so  salt  that  no  living  thing  can  exist 
in  it. 

The  Utah  lake,  about  thirty-fire  miles 
long,  is  a  fresh  water  lake  stored  with  fish. 
It  is  connected  with  Great  Salt  Lake  by  the 
Jordan  River.  The  other  principal  lakes  are 
the  Pyramid,  Humboldt  and  Nicollet  lakes ; 
all  of  them  without  any  visible  outlet. 

Most  of  the  civilized  inhabitants  of  the 
territory  are  Mormons.  They  are  settled  in 
a  well-watered  fertile  district  east  of  the 
Great  Salt  Lake. 

Salt  Lake  City  is  situated  near  the  east 
bank  of  the  Jordan  river.  It  was  laid  out 
in  July,  1847,  and  in  1850  was  supposed  to 
contain  10,000  inhabitants. 

Questions.  Where  is  Utah  Territory  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Minerals  ? 
Great  Salt  Lake?  Utah?  Other  principal  lakes? 
Inhabitants?    Salt  Lake  City  ? 


39.     OREGON.* 

Square  miles,  100,320.     Population,  60,000. 

Oregon  lies    north  of  California,  between 

the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

It  is  generally  a  mountainous  country  and 

may  be  divided  into   three  portions.     The 

lower  country,  lying   next   the  ocean,  from 

seventy-five  to   one    hundred   and   twenty 

miles  wide,  includes  the  Willamette,  Ump. 

*  Admitted  as  a  State,  Feb.  14,  1859. 


UNITED    STATES. 


91 


Canoe    Voyaging. 

qua  and  Rogue  River  valleys.  The  middle 
section  lies  between  the  Cascade  Range  and 
the  Blue  Mountains.  It  is  about  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  miles  wide  and  consists,  prin- 
cipally, of  elevated  plateaus.  The  eastern 
section  occupies  the  western  slope  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  is  mostly  a  sterile 
and  dreary  region,  covered  to  a  great  extent 
with  lava.  "^ 

The  climate  is  milder  than  in  the  same 
latitude  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  continent. 

The  valleys  in  the  first,  or  western  section 
of  the  state  are  very  productive.  Wheat  is 
the  staple;  but  oats,  barley,  turnips,  and 
most  of  the  fruits  of  the  Middle  States 
flourish. 

Gold  has  been  discovered  in  Oregon. 

The  forests  abound  with  wild  animals,  such 
as  deer,  black  and  grizzly  bears,  elks,  foxes, 
wolves  and  antelopes,  and  the  rivers  are 
well  stocked  with  fish. 

This  territory  is  very  rapidly  increasing 
in  population. 

Salem,  the  capital  of  Oregon,  is  on  the 
"Willamette  River,  seventy-five  miles  from  its 
mouth.  It  is  beautifully  situated  in  a  rich 
prairie  country,  and  is  one  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing towns  in  the  territory. 


Astoria,  on  the  Columbia,  ten  miles  from 
its  mouth,  is  the  principal  port  of  entry. 
Portland,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  on 
the  Willamette  River,  is  the  largest  and  most 
commercial  town  in  Oregon. 

Questions.  Where  is  Oregon  situated  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  lower  country  ?  Middle  section  ?  Eastern 
section?  Climate?  Soil?  Productions?  What 
mineral  is  found?  Animals?  Salem?  Astoria?  Port- 
land? 


40.     WASHINGTON. 
Square  miles,  207,732.     Population,  19,000. 

Washington  Territory  occupies  the  north- 
west portion  of  the  United  States,  lying  on 
the  Pacific,  with  British  America  for  its 
northern  boundary. 

The  surface,  soil,  and  productions  are  sim- 
ilar to  those  in  Oregon.  The  climate  is  more 
variable.  The  highest  peaks  of  the  moun- 
tains are  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

Coal  has  been  found. 

Olympia,  the  capital,  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  Puget's  Sound. 

Questions.     What  does  Washington  Territory  oc- 


cupy 


?     What  is  said  of  the  surface,  &c.  ?     Climate  ? 


What  mineral  is  found  ?    Where  is  Olympia  ? 


2.    MEXICO. 

Square  miles,  850,000.     Population,  7,662,000. 

The  Republic  of  Mexico  occupies  the 
southern  portion  of  North  America,  and 
comprises  twenty-two  states,  one  federal  dis- 
trict, and  five  territories. 

It  has  in  general  a  very  elevated  though 
broken  surface;  and  is  traversed  by  the 
Sierra  Madre,  or  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Rocky  mountains. 

The  shores  are  low,  hot,  and  unhealthy ; 
the  table  lands,  mild  and  salubrious;  the 
mountainous  districts  are  cold. 


MEXICO. 


Volcano  of  Popocatapetl. 

There  are  some  barren  tracts,  but  most  of 
tlie  soil  is  very  fertile,  producing  the  grains 
and  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone,  and,  in  the 
lowlands,  the  most  valuable  tropical  products. 

Indian  corn,  wheat,  sugar,  coffee,  tobacco, 
and  the  American  aloe,  or  maguey  plant,  are 
the  chief  vegetable  productions. 

Agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce, 
are  all  much  neglected. 

The  gold  and  silver  mines  of  Mexico  are 
exceedingly  rich,  and  constitute  its  chief  re- 
source.    Iron,  copper  and  lead  are  abundant. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  whites,  Indians 
and  mixed  races.  The  mass  of  them  are 
ignorant  and  insubordinate.  The  Eoman 
Catholic  is  the  prevailing  religion. 

Mexico  was  conquered  by  the  Spaniards 


under  Cortez,  in  1521.  It  remained  a  Span- 
ish province  until  1821,  when  it  became  a 
republic.     The  government  is  very  unsettled. 

When  the  Europeans  discovered  Mexico, 
it  was  inhabited  by  partially  civilized  but 
warlike  Indians,  the  most  civilized^of  which_ 
were  called  Aztecs. 

Many  monuments  of  their  arts  still  re- 
main, the  most  remark^le  of  which  is  the 
Pyramid  of  Cholula,  on  which  was  the  "Tem- 
ple of  the  Sun,"  where  they  offered  thousands 
of  human  sacrifices. 

Mexico,  the  capital,  is  a  large  and  wealthy 
city,  situated  in  a  delightful  valley,  7000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out,  has  spacious  streets,  and  con- 
tains many  costly  cathedrals  and  other  build- 
ings. 

Guanajuato  and  Zacatecas  are  large  cities, 
chiefly  important  for  their  rich  silver  mines. 
La  Puebla  is  a  handsome  city,  containing  a 
few  manufactures.  Vera  Cruz,  the  principal 
seaport  and  commercial  town,  is  situated  on 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Its  harbor  is  strongly 
fortified  by  the  castle  of  Juan  deUlloa,  which 
was  captured  by  the  United  States  in  1847. 

Questions.  Where  is  Mexico  situated?  "What 
does  it  comprise?  Describe  its  surface.  Climate. 
Soil.  What  are  its  chief  productions  ?  What  is  said 
of  agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce?  Of 
mines  ?  The  inhabitants  ?  Of  the  History  of  Mexico  ? 
By  whom  was  it  inhabited  when  discovered  ?  What 
still  remain  ?  Describe  the  city  of  Mexico.  Guana- 
juato and  Zacatecas.     La  Puebla.     Vera  Cruz. 


3.    BALIZE. 

Square  miles,  15,000.     Population,  11,000. 
Balize,  or  British   Honduras,  is   situated 
east  of  Yucatan.      Its  shores   are   studded 
with  numerous   small  islands;    along    the 


CENTRAL    AMERICA. 


coast  the  land  is  swampy,  and  in  the  interior 
wooded.     The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  fertile. 

The  climate  is  moist,  but  net  unhealthful. 
The  productions  are  sugar,  cotton,  coffee  and 
indigo.  Mahogany,  logwood,  and  other  dye- 
woods  are  exported. 

It  is  a  British  Colony. 

Balize,  the  capital,  is  inhabited  princi- 
pally by  blacks,  and  has  considerable  trade. 

Questions.  How  is  Balize  situated  ?  What  is  said 
of  its  shores?  Soil?  Climate?  Productions?  To 
whom  does  it  belong  ?    Describe  Balize. 


7.  CENTRAL  AMERICA.* 

Square  miles,  200,000.     Population,  2,150,000. 

Central  ximerica  is  the  most  southern  por- 
tion of  North  America.  It  is  a  mountainous 
country,  abounding  with  elevated  plains  and 
numerous  volcanoes.  The  climate  is  ex- 
tremely warm  on  the  coast.  In  the  interior 
it  is  temperate  and  salubrious,  resembling 
perpetual  spring.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  yields 
choice  fruits  and  other  tropical  products  in 
great  abundance;  mahogany  is  also  found 
here  in  large  quantities. 

The  forests  are  very  extensive  and  contain 
many  kinds  of  trees  fatal  to  animal  life. 

Most  of  the  travel  between  the  Eastern 
United  States  and  California,  passes  through 
this  territory. 

Central  America  includes  the  five  states 
of  Guatimala,  San  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nic- 
aragua and  Costa  Rica.  These  were  for  a 
time  associated  in  a  confederation,  similar  to 
that  of  the  United  States,  but  this  being  dis- 
solved in  1839,  the  different  states,  though 
nominally  republican,  have  since  been  in 
reality  ruled  by  a  succession  of  military  des- 
pots.    Attempts  have  been  made  to  form 

•  See  Map  and  Key  of  North  America. 


other  and  partial  confederations,  whose  dura- 
tion, when  formed,  is  but  short. 

The  population  consists  of  three  classes ; 
whites  and  Creoles ;  Mestizoes,  or  the  de- 
scendants of  whites  and  Indians;  and  abo- 
riginal natives. 

San  Salvador  is  situated  on  a  small 
stream  which  flows  into  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
It  stands  in  a  well-watered  vale,  several  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  Pacific.  It  has  greatly 
suffered  by  earthquakes,  and  was  nearly 
destroyed  by  one  in  1854. 

Guatimala,  the  capital  of  the  state  of 
Guatimala,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a  rich 
and  spacious  plain.  It  contains  upwards  of 
sixty  richly  ornamented  churches  and  several 
public  ofiices.     It  has  a  flourishing  trade. 

Questions.  How  is  Central  America  situated  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Pro- 
ductions ?  Forests  ?  Travel  ?  What  does  it  include  ? 
Describe  its  government  Population.  San  Salvador. 
Guatimala. 


WEST  INDIES.* 

Square  miles,  91,800.  Population,  3,800,000, 
The  West  India  Islands  are  a  numerous 
group  lying  in  the  torrid  zone,  between 
North  and  South  America. 
'  The  larger  islands  are  traversed  by  ranges 
of  mountains ;  others  contain  isolated  peaks, 
many  of  which  are  volcanic;  while  the 
smallest  are  mere  islets  formed  of  coral  reefs, 
and  uninhabited. 

The  winters  are  mild  and  pleasant.  The 
heat  of  summer  is  extreme,  though  mode- 
rated by  the  mountains  and  sea-breezes. 

Some  of  these  islands  are  well-watered 
by  mountain  streams,  and  are  remarkably 
fertile,  yielding  cotton,  sugar,  maize,  coffee, 
spices,  medicinal  plants,  dye-stufis,  and  a  great 
variety  of  fruits,  as  oranges,  lemons,  pine. 


WEST   INDIES. 


Havana. 


apples,  bread-fruit,  tamarinds,  citrons,  &c. 
Cuba,  Hayti  and  Jamaica  belong  to  this  class. 

The  forests  abound  with  mahogany,  cedar, 
and  lignum  vitse.  The  commerce  is  impor- 
tant and  very  flourishing. 

The  West  Indies  are  divided  into  the 
Greater  and  Lesser  Antilles,  Caribbee  and 
Bahamas.  All  of  them  are  subject  to  vari- 
ous European  powers,  except  Hayti. 


GREATER  ANTILLES. 

Cuba  is  the  largest  of  the  "West  India 
Islands,  and  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

The  northern  part  is  generally  level  and 
has  rich  valleys  and  plains.  The  central 
and  southern  portions  are  more  diversified 
and  in  some  parts  mountainous. 

The  productions  are  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar, 
coffee  and  tropical  fruits. 

Havana,  the  capital,  is  the  most  impor- 
tant city  in  the  West  Indies.  It  has  a  secure 
and  commodious  harbor. 


Matanzas  is  an  important  commercial  town, 
and  has  a  flourishing  trade  with  the  United 
States. 

Cuba  belongs  to  Spain. 

Jamaica  is  about  ninety  miles  south  of 
Cuba.  A  chain  of  mountains  crosses  the 
island  from  east  to  west. 

Its  productions  are  the  same  as  those  of 
Cuba. 

The  capital  is  Spanish  Town. 

Kingston  is  the  chief  commercial  city. 

The  island  belongs  to  great  Britain. 

Hayti,  or  St.  Domingo,  lies  east  of  Cuba. 

The  center  of  the  island  is  mountainous. 
The  soil  is  fertile,  the  climate  hot,  and  during 
most  months  of  the  year,  unhealthful  to  for- 
eigners. 

Coffee  and  cotton  are  the  chief  articles  of 
export.     Mahogany  is  abundant. 

The  island  is  inhabited  and  governed  by 
blacks. 

Porto  Kico  lies  east  of  Hayti.    The  sur- 


WEST    INDIES. 


face  is  varied  and  well  watered.  The  soil  is 
fertile,  and  the  climate  fine  and  salubrious. 

The  principal  productions  are  sugar  and 
coffee. 

The  capital  is  St.  Johns,  which  is  also  the 
principal  seaport. 

This  island  belongs  to  Spain. 

The  Lesser  Antilles  consist  of  a  num- 
ber of  small  islands,  which  lie  off  the  coast 
of  South  America. 

The  Caribbee  Islands  lie  between  the 
Caribbean  Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and 
extend  from  Porto  Rico  to  South  America. 

The  northern  are  called  the  Leeward,  and 
the  southern,  the  Windward  Isles. 

The  Bahamas  lie  north-east  of  Cuba,  and 
are  supposed  to  number  about  five  hundred. 
Many  of  them  are  simply  coral  rocks,  not 
inhabited. 


The  principal  product  is  cotton.     Salt  is 
also  exported. 
These  islands  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Questions.  Where  do  the  West  Indies  lie  ?  De- 
scribe their  surface.  Climate.  Soil.  What  are 
their  productions  ?  What  of  their  commerce  ?  How 
are  they  divided  ?    To  whom  subject  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ? 
What  are  its  productions  ?  Describe  Havana.  Ma- 
tanzas.     To  whom  does  Cuba  belong  ? 

How  is  Jamaica  situated?  What  is  its  capital? 
Its  commercial  city  ?     To  whom  does  Jamaica  belong  ? 

Where  is  Hay  ti  ?  What  is  said  of  it  ?  Its  produc- 
tions ?    By  whom  is  it  inhabited  and  governed  ? 

Describe  Porto  Rico.  What  are  its  productions  ? 
Capital  ?  Principal  seaport  ?  To  whom  does  Porto 
Rico  belong? 

WTiat  are  the  Lesser  Antilles  ?  Where  are  the  Ca- 
ribbee Islands  ?  Bahamas  ?  What  is  said  of  them  ? 
What  is  the  chief  product?  To  whom  do  these 
islands  belong  ? 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 

SQUARE    MILES,    6,500,000. 

POPULATION,    16,000 

,000. 

J^EY   TO   M  A  T>   ISrO.    5. 

STATES,  CAPITALS  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  New  Granada,  l  Bogota,  2  Aspinwall,  3  Cartha- 

1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

gena,  4   Santa  Marta,  5  Mompox, 

2  Pacific  Ocean, 

6  Socorro,  1  Honda,  8  Popayan,  9 

3  Caribbean  Sea, 

Panama, 

4  Gulf  of  Darien, 

2  Venezuela,  1  Caracas,  2  Coro,  3  Valencia,  4  La 

6  Gulf  of  Venezuela, 
6  Gulf  of  Paria, 

Guayra,  5  Cumana,  6  Bolivar  City, 

7  PiNzoN  Bat, 

7  Trujillo,  8  Maracaybo. 

8  Bat  op  All  Saints, 

3  Guiana,       l  Georgetown,  2  New  Amsterdam,  8 

9  Paranaoua  Bat, 

Paramaribo,  4  Cayenne. 

10  Blanco  Bat, 

11  St.  Matthias  Bat, 

4  Brazil,          l  Rio  Janeiro,  2  Macapa,  3  Para,  4 

12  Bat  of  St.  George, 

Maranham,5  Parnahiba,  6  Aracati, 

13  Queen  Adelaide's  Archipei 

ago, 

7  Pernambuco,  8  Bahia  or  St.  Sal- 

14 Archipelago  de  Madre  de 

Dios, 

vador,   9   Espirito   Santo,   10  San 

15  Gulf  of  Penas, 

Paulo,  11  Porto  Alegre,    12  Rio 

16  Chonos  Archipelago, 

Grande,  13  Diamantina,  14  Cuyaba, 

17  Gulf  of  Guattecas, 

15  Matto    Grosso,    16   Barra,    17 

18  Concepcion  Bat, 

Santarem. 

19  Gulf  of  Guataquil, 

20  Bat  of  Choco, 

5  Paraguay,  1  Assumption,   2  Concepcion,  3  Curu- 

21  Bat  op  Panama. 

guaty,  4  Villa  Rica,  5  Neembucu. 
6  Uraguay,    1  Montevideo,  2  Maldonado. 

7  Argentine  Republic,  1  Buenos  Atres,  2  Cor- 
rientes,  3  Cordova,  4  Mendoza,  6 

STRAITS. 

22  Maracatbo, 

23  Magellan, 

24  Le  Mairz. 

Rioja,  6  Catamarca,  Y    Tucuman, 
8  Santiago. 

8  Patagonia. 

9  Chili,            1  SAirriAGO,  2  Copiapo,  3  Huasco,  4  Co- 

•     ISLANDS. 

quimbo,  6  Quillota,  6  Valparaiso,  7 

25   CURACOA, 

Concepcion,  8  Valdivia,  9  Castro. 

26  BuKN  Atre, 

10  Bolivia,       l  Chuquisaca,  2  La  Paz,  3  Cochabamba, 
4  Potosi,  6  Cobija. 

27  Margarita, 

28  St.  Vincent, 

29  Barbadoes, 

11  Peru,             1  Lima,  2  Payta,  3  Caxamarca,  4  Tru- 

80 Grenada, 

jillo,  5  Cerro  Pasco,  6  Callao,  7 

81  Tobago, 

Huamanga,  8  Cuzco,  9  Arequipa, 

82  Trinidad, 

10  Puno,  11  Arica. 

83  Joannes, 

84  Itamaraca, 

12  Ecuador,     l  Quito,  2  Ibarra,  3  Guayaquil,  4  Rio- 

85  Abrolhos, 

bamba,  5  Cuenca,  6  Loja. 

36  St.  Sebastian, 

98 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


87  Cananea, 

38  St.  Catharina, 

39  Falkland, 

40  SbCTH  Georgian, 

41  Staten  Land, 

42  Terra  del  Fckgo, 

43  Hermit, 

44  Wellington, 

45  Chiloe, 

46  Juan  Fernandez, 

47  St.  Felix, 

48  LoBOS, 

49  Puna, 

50  QuiBO, 

51  St.  Anne, 

ISTHMUS  AND  CAPES. 

52  Isthmus  of  Dauien, 

53  Gallinas, 

54  Orange, 

55  North, 

56  St.  Roquk, 

57  Frio, 

58  St.  Antonio, 

59  Corrientes, 

60  Blanco, 

61  Horn, 

62  Pillar, 

63  Blanco, 

64  San  Lorenzo, 

65  San  Francisco. 

MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERT. 

66  Parima, 

67  Pacaraima, 

68    ACARAY, 

69  Brazilian, 

70  Vulcan, 

71  Andes, 

72        Aconcagua, 

73        Gualateiri, 

74        Illimani, 

75        Sorata, 

76        Chuquibamba, 

77            COTOPAXI, 

78        Chimborazo, 

79             TOLIMA, 

80  Geral, 

81  Desert  OF  Atacama. 

LAKES. 


82  Maracatbo, 

83  Patos, 

84 

MiRIM, 

85  Ibera, 

86 

Coluguape, 

87 

Bevedero, 

88  Porongos, 

89    TiTICACA, 

90  Reyes. 

RIVERS. 

91 

Magdalena, 

92 

Cauca, 

93 

Orinoco, 

94 

Apure, 

,    95 

Meta, 

96 

GUATIAKE, 

97 

Caroni, 

98    ESSEQUIBO, 

99 

Demerara, 

100  Berbice, 

101 

Surinam, 

102 

Marowyne, 

103  Oyapok, 

104 

Amazon, 

105 

Trombetas, 

106 

Aniba, 

107 

Negro, 

108 

Branco, 

109 

Cassiquiabe, 

110 

Uaupes,     ■ 

111 

Caqueta, 

112 

Putumayo, 

113 

Napo, 

114 

HUALLAGA* 

115 

UCAYALE, 

116 

Javary, 

117 

JUTAY, 

118 

JURUA, 

119 

PURUS, 

120 

Madeira, 

121 

Beni, 

122 

Mamore, 

123 

Guapai, 

124 

GUAPORE, 

125 

TOPAJOS, 

126 

Arinhos, 

127 

Tres  Barbas, 

128 

XiNQU, 

SOUTH   AMERICA. 

99 

129        Paka, 

145 

CUYABA, 

130   TOCANTINS, 

146 

PiLCOMATO, 

131        Araguat, 

147 

Vermejo, 

132                   R.  DE8  MOBTES, 

148 

Salado, 

133  Gpeupe, 

149 

Tercero, 

134  Maranham, 

160 

Salado, 

135  Parnahiba, 

151    DULCE, 

136  St.  Francisco, 

162  Colorado, 

137  Parahiba, 

163  Rio  Negro, 

138  Rio  de  la  Plata, 

154 

Camarones, 

139        Uruguay, 

165  Port  Desire, 

140        Parana, 

156  Chico, 

141                    TiETE, 

J 

157  Santa  Crux. 

142              Paranaiba. 

f                158 

Biobio, 

143              Paraguay, 

159  Desaguadero. 

144                   Tacuaei, 

QUESTIONS  ON"  THE   MAP   OF   SOUTH   AMEEICA. 


Bound  South  America.  How  many  square  miles 
has  it  ?     Inhabitants  ? 

What  is  its  latitude  ?  Longitude  ?  In  what  zones 
does  it  lie  ? 

How  many  states  has  South  America  ?  Name  them. 
The  capital  of  each.     Bound  each  state. 

What  states  border  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 

The  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

The  Caribbean  Sea  ? 

Which  one  has  no  sea  coast  ? 

What  state  entirely  west  of  the  Andes  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  state  in  South  America  ? 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 

Brazil  ? 
What 

nia?  13, 
What 

15,  17. 
What 
What 


OCEANS,  GULFS,  BAYS,  &c. 
ocean  east  of  South  America  ?  1.     West  ?  2. 
sea  north  ?  3. 

bay  south  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ?  21. 
gulf  north  ?  4. 
gulf  noi-th  of  Venezuela  ?  5. 
three  bays  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  ?  7-9. 
three  bays  on  the  Atlantic  coast  south  of 
10-12. 

archipelagoes  on  the  west  coast  of  Patago- 
14. 
two  gulfs  on  the  west  coast  of  Patagonia  ? 

gulf  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador  ?  19. 

bay  on  the  west  coast  of  New  Granada  ?  20, 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  north  of  Venezuela  ?  25-32. 
What  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ?  33. 
What  five  islands  near  the  coast  of  Brazil  ?  34^38. 
What  islands  east  and  south  of  Patagonia  ?  39-43. 
What  west  ?  44,  45. 
West  of  Chili  ?  46,  47. 
West  of  Peru  ?  48. 
South  of  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  ?  50. 


CAPES. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  ?  53. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  ?  56.  Southern  ?  61. 
Western?  63. 

What  four  capes  has  Brazil  ?  54-57. 

What  two  has  the  Argentine  Republic  ?  58,  59. 

What  cape  at  the  western  extremity  of  Terra  del 
Fuego?  62. 

What  two  capes  has  Ecuador  ?  64, 65. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountains  between  Guiana  and  Brazil  ?  67, 
3. 

In  the  south-eastern  part  of  Brazil  ?  69. 
What  in  the  western  ?  80. 


100 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


What  chain  of  mountains  extends  the  whole  length 
of  South  America  ?  71. 
Mention  the  principal  peaks.  72-79. 


.^  LAKES. 

What 'lake  in  Venezuela  ?  82. 
What  ^two  lakes  in  the  southern  part  of  Brazil  ? 

3, 84  •  ;    , 

What  lakes  in  the  Argentine  Republic  ?  85,  87,  88. 
What  lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Peru  ?  89. 


RIVERS. 

What  river  in  New  Granada  flows  into  the  Carib- 
bean sea  ?  91. 

What  river  in  Venezuela  flows  into  the  Atlantic  ? 
93. 

Wliich  is  the  largest  river  in  South  America  ?  104. 

Mention  its  principal  branches.  107,  115,  119,  120, 
125,  128. 

What  river  flows  into  the  Atlantic  about  11"  south 
latitude?  136. 

What  at  about  35°  south  latitude  ?  138. 

Mention  its  principal  tributaries.  139,  140. 


DESCKIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


South.  America  is  a  vast  triangular  pen- 
insula, occupying  the  southern  half  of  the 
western  continent.  Its  greatest  length  is 
4800  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  3230, 
and  it  contains  6,500,000  square  miles. 

It  is  naturally  divided  into  three  great  sec- 
tions, the  eastern,  or  table  lands  of  Brazil ; 
the  middle,  or  valley  of  the  Amazon,  La 
Plata  and  Orinoco ;  and  the  western,  or 
mountainous  districts  of  the  Andes. 

It  is  distinguished  for  its  lofty  mountains, 
majestic  rivers  and  extensive  plains.  Though 
partly  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  the  climate  is  not 
excessively  hot,  but  usually  mild  and  salu- 
brious.    The  soil  is  much  of  it  fertile. 

The  elevated  plains  and  mountain  declivi- 
ties abound  with  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of 
the  temperate  zone,  and  the  lower  regions 
yield  all  the  most  valuable  tropical  produ-ctg. 

The  vegetation  \)f  this  countey  is  j^psur- 
passed  in  its  luxuriance  and  beauty.  -  In 
most  pldfees  wlntet.  is-unknown,  and  the  hills 
and  valleys  are  clothed  with  con^nt  ver- 

The  potato,  maize,  cocoa,  vanilla,  and  many 
other  useful  plants,are  found  in  their  native 
state.     The  dense  forests  contain  excellent 


timber,  and  remain  in  their  primitive  grand- 
eur. 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions,  among 
which  are  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  lead  and 
precious  stones. 

The  most  ferocious  animals  of  South 
America  are  the  puma,  jaguar  and  ocelot. 
The  sloth,  ant-eater,  armadillo,  tapir  and  an- 
telope, are  numerous.  The  lama,  guanca  and 
vicuna  are  animals  of  the  sheep  kind,  and 
dwell  in  the  mountainous  regions. 

A  variety  of  monkeys  is  found,  and 
birds  of  the  most  superb  plumage.  The 
condor,  the  largest  bird  of  flight,  inhabits 
the  snowy  solitudes  of  the  Andes. 

Vultures,  harpies,  eagles,  toucans,  orioles 
and  parrots  abound.  There  are  numerous 
insects  and  reptiles.  The  serpents  and  alli- 
gators are  of  monstrous  size. 

'The  domestic  animals  were  imported  from 
Europe.  They  have  multiplied  so  rapidly 
as  to  relapse  into  a  wild  state,  and  now  roam 
the  country  in  valrherds.  ^  •• 
\'  South  America  was  fir^t  visited  '^y  Ameri-^ 
cus  vespueius,  in  1499.  Soon  after,  the  Span- 
iards and  Portuguese  conquered  the  native 
Indians,  and  made  numerous  settlements. 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


101 


Mountain  Scenery  in  New  Granada ;  Bogota ;  Falls  of  Tequendama,  and  Travelers  ascending  the  Mountains. 


/  . 

These  settlements  or  provinces  remained 
subject  to  Spain  and  Portugal  until  the  pres- 
ent century,  when  thej  threw  off  the  yoke 
and  became  republics. 

South  America  comprises  the  following 
divisions,  viz.,  New  Granada,  Yenezuela, 
Guiana,  Brazil,  Paraguay,  Uruguay,  Argen- 
tine Kepublic,  Patagonia,  Chili,  Bolivia, 
Peru,  and  Ecuador. 

Questions.  What  is  the  size  of  South  America  ? 
How  divided  ?  For  what  distinguished  ?  What  are 
the  products  of  the  different  sections  ?  What  of  the 
vegetation  ?  What  plants  are  found  in  their  native 
state?  Minerals?  What  can  you  say  of  the  wild 
animals  of  South  America  ?  The  domestic  ?  Of  the 
early  settlement  of  South  America  ?  What  farther 
of  the  provinces  ?    Name  its  divisions. 


1.    NEW  GRANADA. 

Square  miles,  480,000.     Population,  2,360,000. 

New  Granada  is  traversed  by  three  ranges 
of  the  Andes,  and  contains  some  of  its  lofti- 
est peaks.  The  scenery  among  these  moun- 
tains is  extremely  grand  and  beautiful. 

The  lower  tracts  are  hot  and  unhealthy. 
They  abound  with  the  most  valuable  tropical 
products.  The  elevated  plains  on  which  most 
of  the  inhabitants  reside,  are  cool  and  salu- 
brious. 

Cocoa,  coffee,  sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  hides, 
Brazil  and  dye  woods  are  the  principal  arti- 
cles of  cultivation  and  commerce. 

It  has  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  also 
precious  stones. 


X.C2'.    ' 


SOUTH   AMERICA, 


The  country  is  in  many  parts  so  rugged 
as  to  render  the  construction  of  roads  im- 
practicable. Travelers  are  carried  in  a  chair 
by  persons  hired  for  that  purpose,  or  on 
mules. 

Eope  bridges  are  thrown  over  the  chasms, 
on  which  the  inhabitants  pass  with  ease. 

The  Panama  railroad,  about  fifty  miles  in 
length,  extends  across  the  isthmus  from  As- 
pi  n  wall  to  Panama. 

Bogota,  the  capital,  is  a  handsome  town, 
situated  in  the  interior,  on  an  elevation  a 
mile  and  a  half  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
The  streets  are  narrow  but  regular. 

Carthagena  has  a  fine  harbor  and  an  ex- 
tensive trade.  AspinwaUj  on  the  north,  and 
Panama,  on  the  south  side  of  the  isthmus  of 
Darien,  are  the  principal  ports. 

Questions.  What  is  the  surface  of  New  Granada  ? 
Climate  ?  What  are  the  chief  articles  of  cultivation 
and  commerce  ?  In  what  is  it  rich  ?  What  is  said 
of  roads  and  travelers  ?  Bridges  ?  Describe  Bogota. 
Carthagena.    Aspinwall  and  Panama. 


2.    VENEZUELA. 

Square  miles,  426,000.     Population,  1,419,000. 

The  northern  part  of  this  state  is  traversed 
by  the  Andes.  The  southern  portion  com- 
prises the  vast  fertile  plains  of  the  Orinoco 
and  its  branches. 

The  climate  is  extremely  hot  in  the  low 
lands,  but  temperate  in  the  higher  regions. 
The  soil  is  very  rich,  yielding  large  crops  of 
sugar,  tobacco,  coffee,  cotton,  and  the  trop- 
ical fruits. 

The  plains  or  llanos  are  covered  with  tall, 
coarse  grass,  on  which  graze  numerous  herds 
of  cattle,  horses  and  mules. 

Caracas,  the  capital,  is  situated  in.  a  pleas- 
ant valley,  and  is  subject  to  earthquakes.  It 
was  nearly  destroyed  in  1812,  with  12,000 


of  its  inhabitants.     It  has  since  been  rebuilt. 

La  Guayra  has  an  important  commerce. 
Gumana  and  Angostura  are  places  of  some 
trade. 

The  Island  of  Margarita  belongs  to  Yen- 
ezuela. 

QcESTioNS.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Venezuela?  The  population?  The  surface? 
The  climate  ?  Soil  jind  productions  ?  What  animals 
are  foimd  in  great  numbers  ?  Describe  Caracas.  La 
Guayra,  &c.     What  island  belongs  to  Venezuela  ? 


3.     GUIANA. 
Square  miles,  163,000.     Population,  214,000. 

Guiana  is  a  level,  fertile  country,  belong- 
ing to  the  English,  Dutch  and  French.  It 
has  two  dry  and  two  wet  seasons  in  a  year. 
In  the  dry  seasons  the  climate  is  agreeable. 

The  principal  productions  are  sugar,  cof- 
fee and  maize.  Cayenne  pepper  and  cloves 
are  largely  exported  from  Cayenne. 

The  population  consists  of  foreign  resi- 
dents, aboriginal  tribes  and  negroes ;  the  lat- 
ter constituting  the  majority. 

Georgetown,  the  capital  of  British  Gui- 
ana, at  the  mouth  of  the  Demerara  river,  is 
regularly  built.  Its  streets  are  broad,  mostly 
with  canals  in  the  middle,  communicating 
with  each  other  and  the  river.  The  low, 
swampy  position  of  the  city  renders  it  un- 
healthy. 

Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana, 
has  a  fine  harbor,  and  is  the  center  of  trade 
for  the  colony. 

Cayenne,  the  capital  of  French  Guiana, 
is  situated  on  an  island,  and  is  noted  for  its 
pepper. 

Questions.  Mention  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Guiana.  The  population.  Describe  Guiana.  Its 
climate.  Name  its  chief  products.  What  is  said  of 
Georgetown  ?     Paramaribo  ?     Cayenne  ? 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Rio  Janeiro. 


4.     BRAZIL. 

Square  miles,  3,956,000.     Population,  6,065,000. 

Brazil  is  an  extensive  country,  comprising 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  valley  of  the  Ama- 
zon, and  the  country  lying  on  the  coast  south 
of  it  as  far  as  82°. 

It  abounds  with  majestic  rivers,  extensive 
plains,  and  vast  forests.  A  part  of  it  con- 
tains low  ranges  of  mountains. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  salubrious  in  the 
elevated  and  southern  sections,  but  hot  and 
unhealthy  near  the  equator.  The  soil  is  very 
fertile,  and  vegetation  exceedingly  luxuriant. 

Its  staple  productions  are  coffee  and  sugar, 
but  cotton,  rice,  tobacco,  maize,  wheat,  ginger 
and  yams  are  found  in  great  abundance. 
Oranges,  lemons  and  bananas  grow  luxuri- 
antly in  some  parts. 

It  is  also  rich  in  mineral  treasures,  as  gold, 
silver,  diamonds,  topaz  and  other  precious 
stones. 

Wild  animals  are  very  numerous,  among 
which  are  enormous  serpents,  alligators,  and 
birds  of  beautiful  plumage. 


Immense  herds  of  cattle,  which  are  hunted 
for  their  hides  and  horns,  graze  on  the  plains. 
Horses  and  mules  are  numerous  in  the  south. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  There 
are  few  manufactures.  It  has  considerable 
commerce.  Sugar,  cotton,  hides,  horns,  cof- 
fee, cabinet  and  dye  woods,  and  gams  are 
among  the  chief  exports.  The  government 
is  a  hereditary,  constitutional  monarchy. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Whites,  Negroes, 
mixed  races,  and  several  savage  tribes  of 
Indians.  Labor  in  the  fields  and  in  the 
mines  is  performed  principally  by  negro 
slaves. 

Free  schools  for  teaching  the  rudiments  of 
learning  are  established. 

The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic,  but  other 
religions  are  tolerated. 

Rio  Janeiro,  its  capital,  and  the  largest 
city  in  South  America,  has  a  very  fine  har- 
bor, an  extended  commerce,  and  several  lit- 
erary institutions.  It  contains  several  public 
buildings,  and  is  surrounded  by  varied  and 
picturesque  scenery. 


104 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Para,  Maranham,  Pernambuco  and  Bahia 
are  the  other  principal  seaports. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Brazil? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  With  what 
abound?  What  is  the  climate?  Soil?  Name  the 
chief  products.  Minerals.  What  is  said  of  wild  an- 
imals? Cattle?  Agriculture  and  manufactures? 
Commerce?  Exports?  Government?  Schools?  Re- 
ligion ?  What  is  said  of  Rio  Janeiro  ?  What  are  the 
other  principal  seaports  ? 


5.    PARAGUAY. 

Square  miles,  84,000.     Population,  800,000. 

Paraguay  occupies  the  peninsula  between 
the  Parana  and  Paraguay  rivers. 

This  is  a  small,  level  state,  well  watered 
and  fertile.  The  climate  is  temperate  and 
healthy,  and  the  productions  various  and 
valuable. 

Maize,  rice,  sugar,  drugs,  and  tropical 
fruits  abound ;  also  matte,  or  Paraguay  tea, 
used  in  South  America  as  China  tea  is  used 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

Large  herds  of  wild  cattle  roam  the  plains, 
and  birds  of  beautiful  plumage  live  in  its 
dense  forests. 

Its  inhabitants  are  chiefly  civilized  Indians, 
and  descendants  of  Europeans,  from  Spain. 
They  are  generally  intelligent  and  industri- 
ous ;  and  want  is  scarcely  known. 

The  government  is  a  republic.  The  re- 
ligion, Roman  Catholic. 

This  state  became  independent  in  1813, 
and  soon  after  was  governed  by  Dr.  Francia, 
who  ruled  under  the  title  of  Dictator,  until 
his  death  in  1840. 

He  was  a  native  Creole,  and  lived  without 
ostentation.  He  prohibited  foreigners  from 
entering  the  country,  had  all  the  people  in- 
structed, and  obliged  every  one  to  work  at 
some  occupation.     Although  he  was  arbitra- 


ry, and  ruled  with  absolute  sway,  yet  he  very 
much  improved  the  condition  of  the  people, 
and  secured  to  them  peace  and  prosperity, 
while  the  neighboring  republics  were  unset- 
tled and  distracted. 

Assumption,  the  capital,  is  finely  situated, 
but  poorly  built,  and  has  considerable  trade. 
Foreigners  are  now  admitted,  and  commerce 
with  other  nations  is  encouraged. 

Questions.  Paraguay  has  how  many  square  miles  ? 
What  is  the  population?  Describe  it.  Name  the 
chief  products.  What  abound  on  its  plains  and  in 
its  forests  ?  What  is  said  of  the  inhabitants  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  its  history?  Of  Dr.  Francia?  Of 
Assumption  ? 


6.    URUGUAY. 

Square  miles,  75,000.     Population,  120,000. 

Uruguay  is  a  small  state  lying  between 
the  river  Uruguay  and  the  Atlantic. 

The  surface  is  generally  level,  and  the 
climate  agreeable.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but 
remains  for  the  most  part  uncultivated. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  maize 
and  beans.     Melons  are  raised  in  abundance. 

Hides,  horns  and  tallow  are  its  chief  ex- 
ports. 

The  government  is  republican. 

This  republic,  formerly  known  as  the  Ban- 
da  Oriental,  belonged  to  the  United  Provinces 
of  Buenos  Ayres.  On  account  of  its  com- 
mercial facilities,  Brazil  laid  claim  to  it ;  but 
after  a  protracted  war  both  parties  assented 
to  its  independence. 

Montevideo,  the  capital,  is  situated  on 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  which  is  here  eighty 
miles  wide.  It  has  a  good  harbor  and  an 
important  trade. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  and 
population  has  Uruguay  ?  Describe  its  situation.  Sur- 
face, soil  and  climate.  Mention  its  productions.  Its 
exports.     What  is  its  history  ?    Describe  Montevideo. 


SOUTH   AMERICA. 


106 


7.    ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

Square  miles,  820,000.     Population,  820,000, 

This  extensive  country  occupies  a  section 
drained  by  the  waters  of  the  Paraguay  and 
Colorado. 

The  northern  part  is  mountainous  and 
barren.  The  central  and  southern  portions 
are  fertile,  and  consist  principally  of  immense 
plains  called  Pampas.  These  have  few  trees 
and  are  covered  with  tall  grass  that  affords 
fine  pasture. 

The  plains  are  extremely  warm ;  the  coast 
and  elevated  tracts  are  cool.  The  climate  is 
remarkable  for  its  dryness. 

The  productions  are  sugar,  cotton,  tobacco, 
maize,  wheat,  and  the  various  fruits  of  the 
temperate  and  torrid  zones. 

It  has  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
iron  and  coal. 

Yast  herds  of  horses  and  cattle  feed  on  tbe 
plains,  which  are  taken  by  the  Indian  with 
his  lasso,  a  leathern  thong.  Deer,  jaguar, 
and  the  American  ostrich  also  abound. 

Wool,  hides,  horns  and  tallow,  are  the 
chief  articles  of  export. 

The  government  is  nominally  a  republic, 
but  the  president,  or  director,  possesses  in 
reality  the  powers  of  a  dictator. 

The  religion  is  Eoman  Catholic.  Educa- 
tion throughout  the  province  is  in  a  low  state. 

This  Eepublic  became  independent  of  Spain 
in  1816.  It  has  taken,  at  different  times,  the 
names  of  the  United  Provinces  of  the  Eio 
de  la  Plata,  the  Argentine  Eepublic,  and 
Buenos  Ayres. 

Buenos  Ayres,  the  capital,  is  strongly 
fortified,  and  has  an  extensive  commerce, 
somewhat  impeded  by  the  difficulty  of  nav- 
igating the  La  Plata.  The  houses  are  mostly 
built  of  brick,  and  whitewashed.  It  con- 
tains fine  public  buildings,  a  good  college 
well  endowed,    normal  and  other  schools. 


Mendoza  has  an  extensive  trade  with  Chili, 
carried  on  by  means  of  mules. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
the  Argentine  Republic.  Its  population.  Describe 
its  situation.  Surface.  Climate.  Name  its  products. 
Minerals.  Animals.  Articles  of  export.  "What  is 
said  of  its  government  ?  Relipjion  ?  Education  ? 
History  ?    Names  ?    Of  Buenos  Ayres  ?     Mendoza  ? 


8.    PATAGONIA. 

Square  miles,  350,000.     Population,  120,000. 

Patagonia  comprises  the  southern  portion 
of  the  western  continent,  extending  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  ocean. 

The  Andes  pass  through  it,  rendering  its 
surface  mountainous  and  rugged.  The  great- 
er portion  of  it  is  cold  and  barren,  only  a 
very  small  portion  being  under  cultivation. 

Fish  abound  on  the  coast. 

It  is  thinly  inhabited  by  independent 
tribes  of  Indians,  who  are  said  to  be  excel- 
lent horsemen. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  and  inhabit- 
ants has  Patagonia  ?  What  does  Patagonia  comprise  ? 
What  is  its  surface  and  climate  ?  What  abound  on 
its  coasts  ?    Who  inhabit  it  ? 


•.     CHILI. 
Square  miles,  1YO,000.     Population,  1,200,000. 

Chili  is  a  long,  narrow  tract  of  land,  lying 
between  the  Andes  and  the  ocean.  It  has  a 
mountainous  surface,  is  subject  to  violent 
earthquakes,  and  has  several  volcanoes  con- 
stantly burning. 

The  climate  is  equable  and  very  salubrious. 
Numerous  mountain  streams  which  flow  into 
the  Pacific,  fertilize  the  soil,  especially  in 
the  southern  part,  where  it  is  productive ; 
the  northern  part  is  barren. 


106 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


QiESTioNS  What  is  the  area  of  Chili? 
Population  ?  Surface  ?  Its  climate  and 
soil?  What  is  said  of  fruits,  grains,  &c? 
The  rearing  of  cattle  ?  Mines  ?  Chilians  ? 
Government  ?  Religion  ?  What  islands  be- 
long to  Chili  ?  What  can  you  say  of  Juan 
Fernandez?  Santiago?  Valparaiso?  Quil- 
lota  ?    Valdivia  and  Coquimbo  ? 


Chilian  Huts. 

Fruits,  grains,  and  vegetables,  are  abun- 
dantly raised,  but  the  rearing  of  cattle  is  the 
most  important  branch  of  industry. 

Mines  of  gold,  silver  and  copper,  are  ex- 
tensively worked. 

The  Chilians  are  courteous,  humane,  and 
industrious. 

The  general  government  is  administered 
by  a  president  elected  for  five  years.  He  is 
assisted  by  a  council  of  eight  members.  The 
legislature  consists  of  two  houses,  the  Senate 
and  Ilouse  of  Deputies. 

The  established  religion  is  Koman  Catho- 
lic.    Other  religions  are  tolerated. 

Chiloe  and  its  adjacent  islands,  also  those 
of  Juan  Fernandez,  belong  to  Chili.  Juan 
Fernandez  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of 
Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch  sailor.  His 
adventure  gave  rise  to  the  story  of  Eobinson 
Crusoe. 

Santiago,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated. 

Valparaiso,  its  port,  has  a  fine  harbor, 
and  an  extensive  trade  with  Europe,  the 
United  States  and  China.  Qaillota  has  re- 
markably rich  mines  of  copper.  Valdivia 
and  Coquimbo  possess  good  harbors. 


10.    BOLIVIA. 
Square  miles,  450,000.  Population,  1,700,000. 
Bolivia  is   an  extensive    republic 
situated  north  of  Chili  and  the  Ar- 
gentine Eepublic,  and  west  of  Brazil. 

The  surface  is  mountainous  and  greatly 
elevated.  The  climate  is  generally  tempe- 
rate. 

Eye,  maize,  potatoes,  cotton,  rice,  indigo 
and  cocoa  are  the  chief  productions. 

It  is  noted  for  its  valuable  mines  of  gold 
and  silver.  The  silver  mines  of  Potosi  are 
the  richest  in  the  world.  They  were  discov- 
ered by  Hualpo,  a  Peruvian  Indian,  in  1545, 
while  climbing  a  mountain  in  pursuit  of 
some  goats.  Laying  hold  of  a  shrub  to 
assist  his  ascent,  it  was  torn  up  by  the  roots, 
exposing  the  silver  beneath. 

Bolivia  was  a  Spanish  province  till  1825, 
when  it  achieved  its  independence  under 
General  Bolivar,  from  whom  it  derives  its 
name. 

The  constitution,  which  was  drawn  up  for 
the  new  state  by  him  and  adopted  by  con- 
gress in  1826,  makes  ample  provision  for 
personal  and  political  liberty,  securing  re- 
ligious toleration  and  the  freedom  of  the 
press. 

The  religion  is  Eoman  Catholic. 

Chuquisaca,  the  capital,  has  a  university 
and  several  fine  buildings. 

Potosi  is  situated  13,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  in  a  region  cold  and  barren, 


OUTH    AMERICA. 


107 


Hualpo,  discovering  silver. 


but  ricli   in   silver  mines.     Cochabamba  has 
considerable  trade  in  gr.vn  and  fruits. 

Questions.  What  is  the  area  of  Bolivia  ?  Pop- 
ulation ?  What  is  said  of  i^s  pituationV  Surface? 
CUnuite?  Productions?  For  what  is  it  noted  ?  Who 
discovered  its  mines  ?  When  and  under  whom  did  it 
become  independent?  What  is  said  of  the  govern- 
ment ?    Describe  Chuquisaca.    PotosL    Cochabamba. 


11.     PERU. 

Square  miles,  400,000.     Population,  2,279,000. 

Peru  is  a  lonsr,  irregular  tract  of  land,  tra- 
versed by  two  ranges  of  the  Andes.  On  the 
coast  the  climate  is  very  hot,  and  the  soil  arid. 
The  table  lands  have  a  cool  climate  and 
fertile  soil. 

The  chief  productions   are  cotton,  maize, 


sugar,  coffee,  Peruvian  bark,  &c.  There  are 
also  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  mercury, 
or  quicksilver. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  neg- 
lected. 

The  country  is  almost  destitute  of  roads 
and  bridges.  Transportation  is  carried  on 
principally  by  means  of  lamas  and  mules. 

A  railroad  between  Lima  and  Callao  has 
been  completed,  and  another  from  Arica  to 
Tacna  has  been  commenced. 

The  native  Peruvians  were  a  peaceable 
race,  who  understood  agriculture  and  the 
arts,  and  worshipped  the  sun. 

The  present  inhabitants  are  supposed  to  be 
about  one-half  Indians,  one-fourth  white  per- 
sons, or  Creoles,  and  the  rest  colored  people 
of  mixed  breeds. 


108 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


The  Peruvians  achieved  their  independ- 
ence in  1824.  The  J  possess  a  good  degree 
of  enterprise,  wealth  and  refinement. 

The  government  is  popular  and  represent- 
ative.    The  president  is  elected  for  six  years. 

The  dominant  religion  is  Roman  Catholic 
but  other  creeds  are  tolerated. 

Lima,  the  capital,  is  a  wealthy  city,  re- 
markable for  its  magnificent  public  buildings. 
It  has  several  manufactories,  and  a  large 
trade  through  the  port  of  Callao. 

Cuzco  was  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Peru- 
vian empire,  and  the  residence  of  the  Pe- 
ruvian Incas.  It  was  founded  by  Manco  Ca- 
pac,  the  first  Inca  of  Peru,  in  1043,  and  con- 
tained numerous  elegant  palaces  and  temples. 
In  1534  it  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  under 
Pizarro,  who  cruelly  put  to  death  the  reign- 
ing Incas,  and  pillaged  the  city. 

Questions.  "What  number  of  square  miles  has 
Peru  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Describe  its  surface,  climate 
and  soil.  "What  are  its  productions  ?  "What  is  the 
state  of  agriculture  and  manufactures?  What  of 
roads  and  bridges  ?  "What  can  you  say  of  its  inhab- 
itants ?  "When  did  Peru  become  independent  ?  What 
of  the  government  ?    Religion  ?    Lima  ?    Cuzco  ? 


12.     ECUADOR. 
Square  miles,  240,000.     Population,  620,000. 
Ecuador  is  situated  on  the  coast  of  the 
Pacific,  north  of  Peru,  and  directly  under  the 
equator. 


It  is  remarkable  for  its  lofty  mountains, 
elevated  plains,  and  varied  climate.  Vege- 
tation is  luxuriant,  and  the  forests  are  covered 
with  perpetual  green. 

All  the  tropical  fruits  abound.  Cocoa, 
rice,  pepper,  sugar  cane,  Indian  corn,  cotton, 
wheat  and  barley  are  also  produced. 

Earthquakes  and  violent  tempests  are  fre- 
quent. 

Some  of  the  most  elevated  peaks  of  the 
Andes  are  found  in  this  country;  among 
which  are  Mount  Chimborazo  and  the  volca- 
noes Cotopaxi  and  Pichincha. 

The  form  of  government  is  republican, 
with  a  president  and  vice-president  as  the 
head. 

The  religion  is  Eoman  Catholic. 

Education  is  in  a  very  backward  state. 

Quito,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city,  built 
on  the  side  of  a  volcano,  8000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  well-built  and  has 
several  handsome  squares.  Eleven  snow- 
capped mountains  may  be  seen  from  the  city. 

Guayaquil  has  a  fine  harbor  and  an  exten- 
sive commerce.  It  is  well  laid  out  and  has 
some  good  public  edifices ;  but  it  is  mostly 
built  of  wood,  on  low  ground,  and  is  ill  sup- 
plied with  water. 

Questions.  Number  of  square  miles  in  Ecuador? 
Population  ?  Describe  its  situation.  Surface.  Veg- 
etation. Productions.  To  what  is  it  subject  ?  What 
of  its  mountain  peaks?  Government?  Religion? 
Describe  Quito.     Guayaquil. 


GOVERNMENT  AND  RELIGION. 

NORTH   AMERICA.               | 

EUROPE. 

States.                        Form  of  Gorerament. 

Religion.* 

state*.               ^   ,    Form  of  Government. 

BeUgion. 

Balize,                     Subject  to  Gt.  Britain, 

Protestant. 

Austria,                  Absolute  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

British  America,   Subject  to  Gt.  Britain, 

Prot.  &  Cath. 

Baden,                     Limited  Sovereignty, 

Evangelical. 

Central  America,  Repubrics, 

Catholic. 

Bavaria,                  Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

Greenland.             Subject  to  Denmark, 

Prot.  &  Cath. 

Belgium,                  Limited  Monarchy, 

Lutheran. 

Mexico,                    Republic, 

Catholic. 

Denmark,                 Limited  Monarchy, 

Luth'eran. 

Russian  America,  Subject  to  Russia, 

Pagan. 

France,                   Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

United  States,      Republic, 

Protestant 

Great  Britain,      Limited  Monarchy, 

Protestant. 

Greece,                    Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

Hanovep,                 Limited  Monarchy, 

Evangelical 

Holland,                 Limited  Monarchy, 
LoMBARDo  Vene- 

Reformed. 

tian  Kingdom,     Subject  to  Austria, 

Catholic. 

SOUTH  AMEEICA. 

Mecklenburg,         Limited  Sovereignty, 
Modena,                  Absolute  Sovereignty, 

Lutheran. 
Catholic. 

Argentine  Repcb., Republic, 

Catholic. 

Naples,                    Absolute  Monarchy, 

Cathelic. 

Bolivia,                  Republic, 

Catholic. 

Norway,                 Limited  Monarchy, 

Lutheran. 

Brazil,                   Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

Parma,                     Absolute  Sovereignty, 

Cathohc. 

Chili,                      Republic, 

Catholic. 

Portugal,                Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

Ecuador,                 Republic, 

Catholic. 

Prussia,                  Limited  Monarchy, 

EvangeUcal. 

GciANA,  British,    Subject  to  Gt.  Britain, 

Prot  &  Cath. 

Russia,                     Absolute  Monarchy, 

Greek  Church. 

Guiana,  Dutch,      Subject  to  Holland, 

Prot.  &  Cath. 

Sardinia,                 Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

1    Guiana,  French,    Subject  to  France, 

Catholic. 

Saxony,                    Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

New  Granada,        Republic, 

Catholic. 

Spain,                       Limited  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

1    Paraguay,               Republic, 

Catholic. 

States  of  the  Ch.,  Absolute  Sovereignty, 

Catholic. 

j    Patagonia,             Independent  Chiefs, 

Pagaa           « 

Sweden,                   Limited  Moparchy, 

Lutheran. 

!    Peru,                       Republic, 

Catholic. 

Switzerland,          Republic, 

Prot.  &  Cath. 

j    Uruguay,                 Republic, 

Catholic. 

Turkey,                   Absolute  Monarchy, 

Mohammedan. 

Venezuela^            Republic, 

Catholic. 

Tuscany,                  Absolute  Monarchy, 

Catholic. 

*• 

"Wibtemberg,          Limited  Monarchy, 

Lutheran. 

Aborigines  of  Ai 

nerica  are  mostly  pagan. 

EUROPE. 

SQT7AEB    MILES,    3,800,000.       POPULATION,    264,000,000. 

KEY   TO   ]MA.I>   NO.   6. 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

Mantua,  9  Verona,   10  Padua,  11 

1  Norway, 

1  Christiania,  2  Drontheim,  8  Konigs- 
burg.  4  Bergen. 

11  Parma, 

Venice, 
(Duchy,)  8  Parma. 

12  Modena, 

(Duchy,)  4  Modena. 

2  Sweden, 

1  Stockholm,  2  Gefle,  3  Fahlun,  4Upsal, 

13  Tuscany, 

(Duchy,)  5  Florence,  24  Letrhorn. 

5  Kalmar,  6  Carlscrona,  1  Gothen- 
burg. 

14  States  of  the  Church,  6  Rome,  12  Bologna,  18    11 

San  Marino,  14  Ancona.                       1 

3  Eussia, 

1  St.  Petersburg,  2  Archangel,  8  Kasan 

15  Kingdom  of  Naples,  7  Naples,  15Bari,  16  Ta-    || 

4  Saratov,  6  Astrakhan,  6  Sevasto- 

ranto, 17   Reggio,   18  Messina,   19 

pol,  1  Kherson,  8  Odessa,  9  Ismail, 

Catania,   20  Syracuse,  21  Trapani, 

10  Kiev,  11  Minsk,   12  Vilna,   18 

22  Palermo,  23  Salerno. 

Riga,  14  Revel,  15  Abo,  16  Cron- 

Btadt,  17  Novgorod,  18  Yaroslav, 

16  Prance, 

1  Paris,   2  Brest,  3  Rennes,  4  Cher- 

19 Tver,  20  Moscow,  21  Kalooga, 

bourg,  6  Caen,  6  Havre,  7  Rouen, 

22  Orel,  28  Smolensk. 

8  Calais,  9  Lille,    10  Amiens,   11 
Rheuns,    12  Mctz,   13  Nancy,   14 

BUSSIAN  PBOViWOES. 

Strasbourg,   15  Dijon,    16  Lyons, 

4  Lapland, 

1  Kola,  2  Tornea. 

17  Bastia,  18  Ajaccio,  19  Toulon, 

5  Poland, 

1  Cracow,  2  Warsaw,  8  Lublin. 

20  Marseilles,    21   Montpelier,    22 
Toulouse,    23  Bayonne,    24  Bor- 

6 Austria, 

1  Vienna,  2  Prague,  3  Brunn,  4  Olmutz, 

deaux,    25   Nantes,    26   L'Orient, 

5  Wicliczka,  6  Bochnia,  7  Lemberg, 

27  Angers,  28  Tours,  29  Orleans, 

8   Cronstadt,   9   Hermanstadt,    10 

80  Troyes,  81  St.  Etienne,  82  Li- 

Temesvar, 11  Agram,   12  Ragusa, 

moges. 

13  Cattaro,  14  Trieste,  15  Laybach, 

16  Gratz,  17  Lintz,  18  Presburg, 

17  Spain, 

J  Madrid,  2  Compostela,  3  Corunna,  4 

19  Buda,  20  Pesth,  21  Debreczin. 

Ferrol,  5  Gijon,  6  Bilbao,  7  Bar- 
celona, 8  Tortosa,  9  Valencia,  10 

7  Turkey, 

1  Constantinople,  2  Belgrade,  3  Widin, 

Ahcante,  11  Murcia,  12    Cartage- 

4 Bucharest,  5  Brahilov,  6  Jassy, 

na,    13  Granada,    14  Malaga,    15 

7  Silistria,  8  Shoomla,  9  Varna,  10 

Gibraltar,  16  Cadiz,  17  Seville,  18 

Adrianople,  11  Gallipoli,  12  Seres, 

Cordova,  19  Badajos,  20  Toledo, 

13  Salonica,  14  Larissa,  15  Arta, 

21  Salamanca,  22  Leon,  23  A^alla- 

16  Yanina,  17  Scutari,  18  Bosna- 

dolid,  24  Burgos,  25  Saragossa. 

Serai,  19  Sophia. 

18  Portugal, 

1  Lisbon,  2  Braga,  8  Oporto,  4  Coim- 

8  Greece, 

1  Athens,  2  Corinth,  8  Nauplia,  4  Trip- 

bra,  5  Elvas,  6  Evora,  7  SetubaL 

olitza,  5  Patras. 

18  England, 

1  London,  2  Newcastle,  3  York,  4  Hull, 

ITALY.  OB  ITALIAN  STATES. 

5  Norwich,  6  Cambridge,  7  Dover, 

8  Portsmouth,  9  Southampton,  10 

9  Sardinia, 

1  TcRiN,  25  Genoa,  26  Nice,  27  Sassari, 

Plymouth,  11  Bristol,  12  Birming- 

28 Cagliari. 

ham,  13  Liverpool,  14  Manchester, 

10  Lombardo  Venetian  Kingdom,  2  Milan,  8 

15  Leeds,  IG  Sheffield. 

EUROPE. 

113 

20  Wales,         l  Caernarvon,  2  Merthyr  T-dvil,  3  Car- 

14 Gulf  of  Taranto, 

digan, 

15  Gulf  of  Genoa, 

21  Scotland,     l  Edinburgh,   2  Wick,  3  Inverness,  4 

16  Gulf  of  Lyons, 

Aberdeen,    5  Dundee,  6  Perth,  1 

17  Bay  of  Biscay, 

Paisley,  8  Glasgow. 

18  Galway  Bay, 

19  Donegal  Bay, 

22  Ireland,       l  Dublin,  2  Londonderry,  3  Belfast,  4 

20  Irish  Sea, 

Waterford,  5  Cork,  6  Limerick,  1 

21  North  Sea, 

Galway,  8  Sligo. 

22  Murray  Firth, 

23  Belgium,     l   Brussels,    2  Ghent,   3  Antwerp,  4 

23  Firth  op  Forth, 

Liege. 

24  ZuYDER  Zee, 

24  Holland,      l  Hague,  2  Amsterdam,  3  Groningen, 

25  Baltic  Sea, 

26  Gulf  or  Riga, 

27  Gulf  of  Finland, 

4  Rotterdam. 

25  Denmark,  l  Copenhagen,    2   Elsinore,    3  Flens- 

28  Gulf  of  Bothnia, 

borg,  4  Sleswick. 

29  Faxe  Bay, 

26  Prussia,      l  Berlin,  2  Stettin,  3  Colberg,  4  Dant- 

SO  Bredk  Bay. 

zic,    5  Konigsberg,    6  Memel,    1 
Thorn,    8   Posen,    9  Breslau,    10 

Liegnitz,  11  Halle,  12  Magdeburg, 

STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

13  Potsdam,  14  Elberfield,  15  Co- 

31 Skager  Rack, 

logne,  16  Ail  la  Chapelle. 

32  Cattegat, 

27  German    States,    l   Frankfort,    8   Bremen,    9 

33  The  Sound, 

Hamburg,  10  Lubeck.* 

34  Strait    of  Yenikale, 

28  Mecklenburg,  2  Schwerin. 

35  Channel  of  Bosporus, 

29  Hanover,  3  Hanover,  11  Gottingen, 

36  Strait  of  Dardanelles, 

30  Saxony,       4  Dresden,  12  Leipsic. 

37  Strait  of  Otranto, 

38  Strait  or  Messina, 

31  Bavaria,      5  Munich,  13  Nuremberg,  14  Augsburg. 

39  Strait  of  Bonifacio, 

32  Wirtemberg,  6  Stuttgart,  15  Ulm. 

40  Strait  of  Gibraltar, 

33  Baden,          V  Carlsruhs,  16  Manheim. 

41  English  Channel, 

34  Switzerland,  l  Berne,  2  Basel,  3  Zurich,  4  Ge- 

42 Strait  of  Dover, 

43  Bristol  Channel, 

neva. 

44  St.  George's  Channel, 

45  North  Channel. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 
1  Atlantic  Ocean, 

2  Arctic  Ocean, 

ISLANDS. 

3  White  Sea, 

46  Iceland, 

4  Onega  Gulf, 

47  Loffoden  Islands, 

6  TcHESKATA  Gulf, 

48    SOROE, 

6  Caspian  Sea, 

49  Mageroe, 

7  Azof  Sea, 

60  Cyprus, 

8  Black  Sea, 

51  Rhodes, 

9  Gulf  of  Burgas, 

52   SCARPANTO, 

10  Sea  of  Marmora, 

63  Samos, 

11  Archipelago, 

64  Scio, 

12  Mediterranean  Sea, 

65    MiTYLENE, 

13  Adriatic  Sea, 

66  Stalimni, 

*  Frankfort,  Bremen,  Hambu 

rg  and  Lubeok,  are  free  citiea. 

114 

EUROPE. 

1 

5*7  Negropont, 

101  Spartitento, 

58  Cyclades, 

102  Passaro, 

69  Candia. 

103  Teulada, 

IONIAN   ISLANDS. 

104  CoRso, 

60        Cerigo, 

105  San  Martin, 

61         Zante, 

106  Palos, 

62        Cephalonia, 

107  Gata, 

63        Corfu, 

108  Trafalgar, 

64  Sicily, 

109  St.  Vincent, 

65  Malta, 

110    FiNISTERE, 

66  LiPARi  Islands, 

111  Ortegal, 

67  Elba, 

112  La  Hague, 

68  Corsica, 

113  Land's  End, 

69  Sardinia, 

114  Clear, 

10  Minorca, 

115  Wrath, 

11  Majorca, 

116  The  Naze. 

12  Itica, 
7 3  Jersey, 

14  Guernsey, 

MOUNTAINS. 

15  Wight, 

117  Scandinavian. 

16  SciLLY  Islands, 

118  Ural, 

11  Great  Britain, 

119  Caucasus, 

is  Ireland, 

120  Carpathian, 

19  Anglesea, 

121  Balkan, 

80  Isle  of  Man, 

122  Alps, 

81  Hebrides  Islands, 

123        Mount  Blanc, 

82  Orkney  Islands, 

124  Apennines, 

83  Shetland  Islands. 

125  Mount  Vesutius, 

84  Faroe  Islands, 

126  Mount  ^tna. 

85  Zealand, 

127  Sierra  Nevada, 

86  Funen, 

128  Sierra  Morena, 

81  Laaland, 

129  Cantabrian, 

88  Falster, 

130    MONTSERRAT, 

89    RUGEN, 

131  Pyrenees, 

90   BORNHOLM, 

132  Cevennes, 

91  Oland, 

133    AUVERGNE, 

92  Gothland, 

134  Grampian  Hills, 

93  Oesel, 

135  Mount  Hecla. 

94  Dago, 

95  Aland. 

LAKES. 

136  Wener, 

PENINSULAS. 

137  Wetter, 

96  Crimea, 

138  Maelar, 

91    MORBA. 

139  PuRUS, 

140  Sego, 

141  Vigo, 

142  Onega, 

CAPES. 

143  Ladoga, 

98  North, 

144  Ilmen, 

99  Sviatoi, 

145  Peipus, 

100  Matapan, 

146  Platten  See, 

EUROPE.                                                                                115 

147  Constance, 

196  Ebro, 

148  Gknkta. 

197  Guadalquivir, 

198  guadiana, 

199  Tagus, 

RIVERS. 

200  DouRo, 

149  Drammen, 

201    MiNHO, 

150  Glommen, 

202  Garonne, 

151  Klar, 

203           DORDOGNE, 

162  Dahl, 

204  Loire, 

153  Indal, 

205  Seine, 

154  Umea, 

206  Mkus?:, 

155  Skelleftea, 

207  Rhine, 

156    LULEA, 

208  Weser, 

157    TORNEA, 

209  Elbe, 

158  Keni, 

210  Oder, 

159  Onega, 

211        Wartha, 

160   DWINA, 

212  Vistula, 

161            SOOKHONA, 

213        Bug, 

162         Vitchegda, 

214  Niemex, 

163  Mezene, 

215  Duna, 

164  PETCnORA, 

216  Neva, 

166        OosA, 

217    VOLKHO, 

166  Ural, 

218    SVEER, 

167  Volga, 

219    HUMBER, 

168         Samara, 

220  Thames, 

1 

169         Kama, 

221  Severn, 

1 

170                    BlELAYA, 

222  Shannon. 

171  VXATKA, 

172  Oka, 

173            SCRA, 

APBICA  ON  MAP  OF  EUBOPE. 

174  KooMA, 

COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS  AND   CHIEF  TOWNS. 

• 

175  Terek, 

1  Morocco,      1  Morocco,  2  Rabat,  3  Mequinez,  4  Fez. 

176    KOOBAN, 

2  Algiers,       l  Algiers,2  Oran,  3  Constantme,4  Bona. 

177  Don, 

3  Tnnia,            l  Tunis,  2  Kairwan.                               \ 

178        Manitcii, 

179         Khoper, 

4  Beled  el  Jereed,  i  Tooggoort. 

180        Donets, 

5  Tripoli,        l  Tripoli,  2  Mesurata. 

181  Dnieper, 

6  Barca,           l  Derne,  2  Bengazi. 

182        Desna, 

7  Egypt,          1  Cairo,  2  Alexandria,  3  Rosetta,  4 

183        Pripets, 

Damietta. 

184  Bog, 

185  Dniester, 

1S6  Danube, 

ASIA  ON  MAP  OP  EUBOPE. 

187        Pruth, 

COUNTRIES  AND  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

188        Theiss, 

11  Persia,          2  Tabreez. 

189  Drave, 

190  Save, 

12  Arabia,       5  Petra. 

191  Maritza, 

13  Turkey,       l  Smyrna,  2  Brusa,  3  Trebizond,  4  Erz- 

192  Po, 

room,  5  Kars,  6  Diarbekir,  7  Mo- 

193 Tiber, 

sul,  8  Bagdad,  9  Bassorah. 

194  Rhone, 

14  Syria,           1  Aleppo,  2  Damascus,  3  Jerusalem,  4 

195         Saonb, 

Beyroot. 

116 


EUROPE. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPE. 


Bound  Europe.  How  many  square  miles  has  it  ? 
Inhabitants  ? 

What  is  its  latitude  ?  Longitude  ?  In  what  zones 
Is  it? 

What  are  its  principal  political  divisions  ? 

Which  is  the  most  Northern  ?  Eastern  ?  South- 
ern ?    Western  ? 

Bound  Norway.  Sweden.  Russia.  Austria.  Tur- 
key. Greece.  Italy.  France.  Spain.  Portugal. 
England.  Wales.  Scotland.  Ireland.  Belgium. 
Holland.  Denmark.  Prussia.  Germany.  Switzer- 
land. 

Name  the  capitals  of  each. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  BAYS  AND  GULFS. 
What  ocean  west  of  Europe  ?  1.     North  ?  2. 
What  sea  in  the  north  of  Russia  ?  3.     North  of 
Prussia?  25.     East  of  Great  Britain  ?  21.    West?  20, 
What  sea  separates  Europe  from  Africa?  12. 
What  two  seas  south  of  Turkey?  10,  11. 
What  three  south  of  Russia  ?  6-8. 
What  bays  west  of  Ireland  ?  18,  19. 
What  bay  west  of  France  ?  17. 
What  gulf  north  of  Russia  ?  5. 
What  three  west  ?  26-28. 

What  two  gulfs  south  and  west  of  Italy  ?  14,  15. 
What  gulf  south  of  France?  16. 
North  of  Holland?  24. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

What  three  channels  at  the  entrance  of  the  Baltic 
Sea?  31-33. 

What  two  channels  between  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land? 44,45. 

What  channel  between  England  and  France  ?  41. 

In  the  south-west  of  England  ?  43. 

What  strait  separates  England  from  France  ?    42. 

What  strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Mediterranean 
Sea?  40. 

What  strait  between  the  islands  of  Sardinia  and 
Corsica?  39.  Sicily  and  Italy?  38.  Italy  and  Tur- 
key ?  87.     What  strait  connects  the  Sea  of  Marmora 


and  the  Archipelago  ?  36.  The  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the 
Black  Sea  ?  35.  The  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azof? 
34. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  off  the  west  coast  of  Norway?  47,  48, 

What  large  island  west  of  Norway  ?  46. 

What  group  south-east  of  Iceland  ?  84. 

To  what  country  do  they  belong  ?     To  Denmark. 

What  islands  north  of  Scotland  ?  82,  83. 

What  west?  81. 

What  islands  in  the  Irish  Sea  ?   79,  80. 

What  large  island  west  of  Great  Britain  ?  78. 

What  islands  between  England  and  France?  73-75. 

What  islands  between  Sweden  and  Denmark? 
85-88, 

What  islands  in  the  Baltic  Sea  ?  89-95, 

What  three  islands  east  of  Spain  ?  70-72. 

What  islands  south  of  Italy  ?  64,  66-69, 

What  island  south  of  Sicily  ?  65,  To  what  gov- 
ernment does  it  belong  ?     To  England, 

What  islands  west  of  Greece  ?  61,  62, 

What  large  island   south  of  the  Archipelago  ?  59, 

What  two  islands  south  of  Turkey  in  Asia  ?  60,  51. 


PENINSULAS  AND  CAPES. 

What  Peninsula  south  of  Russia  ?  96. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Europe  ?  98. 

What  cape  south  of  Norway  ?  116.  Southwest  of 
England?  113.  South  of  Ireland?  114.  Of  Portu- 
gal? 109. 

What  two  capes  has  Spain  on  the  northwest  ?  110, 
111. 

What  cape  south  of  Greece  ?  100. 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  mountains  between  Europe  and  Asia?  118. 

Between  Norway  and  Sweden?  117. 

What  mountains  in  Austria?  120.  Turkey?  121. 
Switzerland?  122.  Italy?  124.  Spain?  127-130. 
France?  132,  133. 


EUPOPE. 


117 


What  mountains  separate  France  and  Spain  ?  131. 
What  volcano  in  Iceland?  135.     In  Italy?  125. 
Sicily?  126. 


LAKES. 
What  are  the  three  principal  lakes  of  Sweden? 
136-138. 

What  lakes  has  Russia?  139-145. 

What  two  lakes  in  Switzerland  ?  147,  148. 

What  lake  in  Austria?  146. 


RIVERS. 
What  rivers  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean?  163,  164. 
Into  the  White  Sea?  159,  160. 

What  rivers  of  Russia  flow  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 


166, 167.     Into  the  Sea  of  Azof?  177.     Into  the  Black 
Sea?  181,  184,  185. 

What  river  from  Turkey  flows  into   the  Black 
Sea?  186. 

Mention  its  principal  branches.  187-190. 

What  two  rivers  in  Italy  ?  192,  193. 

What  are  the  rivers  of  Spain  and  into  what  do  they 
flow?  196-201. 

What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  France?  194,  202, 
204,  205. 

What  rivers  flow  into  the   North   Sea?  206-209. 
Into  the  Baltic  Sea?  210,  212. 

What  river  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Riga  ?  215. 

What  rivers  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  ?  152- 
158. 

What  river  flows  from  Lake  Ladoga  to  the  Gulf  of 
Finland?  216. 

What  three  rivers  in  England?  219-221. 

What  river  in  Ireland  ?  222. 


DESCEIPTIVE   GEOGRAPHY. 


Europe  is  the  least  of  the  grand  divisions 
in  size,  but  the  first  in  social,  political,  and 
commercial  importance. 

Numerous  seas,  gulfs  and  bays  penetrate 
its  coast ;  and  the  surface  is  agreeably  diver- 
sified with  mountains,  hills,  valleys  and  plains. 

The  climate  is  cold  in  the  north  and  east, 
generally  temperate  and  healthful  in  the  mid- 
dle and  west,  and  warm  in  the  south. 

The  soil  is  mostly  fertile,  producing  the 
most  important  grains  in  the  north,  while  in 
the  south,  the  vine,  olive,  orange,  lemon,  and 
other  tropical  fruits,  are  found  in  abundance. 

Coal,  iron,  copper,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  mercury 
and  salt  are  abundant.  Gold,  silver,  and 
precious  stones  are  found  in  the  Ural  moun- 
tains. 

Europe  has  comparatively  few  wild  ani- 
mals, but  the  domestic  thrive  in  great  num- 
bers and  variety. 

Agriculture,  manufactures,  and  the  arts 


are  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection, 
and  its  commerce  is  extensive. 

The  population  is  chiefly  of  Caucasian  de- 
scent, and  great  inequalities  in  society  exist. 

The  lower  classes  are  often  extremely 
ignorant  and  degraded,  and  the  masses  are 
unable  to  read  and  write.  The  nobility  live 
in  great  luxury  and  often  oppress  the  poor. 

In  many  of  the  European  states  common 
schools  are  unknown,  but  universities  and 
colleges  abound,  which  are  more  liberally 
endowed  with  funds  and  libraries  than  those 
of  our  own  country.  Many  of  them  contain 
two  or  three  thousand  students. 

Great  improvements  have  been  made  in 
education  the  present  century. 

The  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant  and  Greek 
are  the  prevailing  religions.  The  govern- 
ments are  chiefly  monarchical.  A  few  are 
small  republics. 

The  principal  political  divisions  of  Europe 


118 


EUROPE. 


Scene  on  the  Norwegian  Coast. 


are  Norway,  Sweden,  Eussia,  Austria,  Tur- 
key, Greece,  the  Italian  States,  France, 
Spain,  Portusral,  England,  Scotland,  Ireland, 
Belgium,  Holland,  Denmark,  Prussia,  the 
German  States  and  Switzerland. 

Questions.  What  is  the  rank  of  Europe  among 
the  grand  divisions  ?  What  is  said  of  its  coast  and 
surface?  Climate?  Soil?  What  minerals  are  abun- 
dant ?  "NYhat  animals  arc  numerous  ?  What  is  said 
of  agriculture,  &c.  ?  What  is  said  of  the  population  ? 
What  is  their  condition  ?  The  condition  of  education  ? 
What  religions  prevail  ?  Governments  ?  Name  the 
principal  political  divisions. 


1.    NORWAY. 

Square  miles,  123,000.     Population,  1,328,000. 
Norway  is  a  rough,  mountainous  country, 


abounding  with  cataracts  and  precipices,  and 
presents  much  romantic  scenery. 

The  winters  are  long  and  severe ;  the  sum- 
mers short  and  very  hot.  The  soil  is  rocky 
and  barren,  and  but  a  small  part  of  it  suita- 
ble for  cultivation. 

Potatoes,  barley,  rye  and  other  kinds  of 
grain  are  raised,  but  the  rearing  of  cattle, 
mining  and  the  manufacture  of  lumber  are 
the  chief  occupations  of  the  people. 

Korway  is  rich  in  mines  of  lead,  iron, 
copper  and  silver. 

The  Norwegians  are  well  educated,  frank, 
hospitable  and  industrious,  manufacturing 
their  clothing,  furniture  and  tools. 

Norway  has  a  legislature  of  its  own,  but 
is  subject  to  Sweden. 


EUROPE. 


119 


Stockholm  from  the  Maelar. 


The  Lutheran  is  the  religion  of  the  state 
and  professed  by  the  great  body  of  the 
people. 

Education  is  very  generally  diffused ;  in- 
struction is  gratuitous,  and  children  are  re- 
quired to  attend  school. 

Norway  was  united  with  Sweden  in  1814. 

Christiania,  the  seat  of  government,  has 
a  picturesque  situation  and  a  fine  harbor. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  and  built  wholly  of 
stone  and  brick. 

Droniheim  was  the  residence  of  the  ancient 
kings,  and  is  one  of  the  most  northern  towns 
in  Europe. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Norway  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its  surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  its  products  and  pursuits? 
Mines?  The  Norwegians  ?  Government?  Religion? 
Education  ?  When  was  Norway  united  with  Sweden  ? 
Christiania  ?    Drontheim  ? 


2.     SWEDEN. 

Square  miles,  170,000.     Population,  3,482,000. 

Sweden  is  situated  east  of  Norway,  and 
with  it  forms  the  peninsula  of  Scandinavia. 

It  has  in  general  a  level  surface,  and  is  di- 
versified by  numerous  beautiful  lakes  and 
rivers.     The  climate  is  cold  but  healthy. 

The  soil  is  light,  and  a  part  of  it  only, 
capable  of  cultivation.  It  produces  rye, 
barley,  oats  and  potatoes. 

The  chief  resources  of  the  people  are  the 
forests,  fisheries  and  mines. 

There  are  extensive  mines  of  iron.  Cop- 
per, silver  and  lead  are  also  found. 

The  inhabitants  are  industrious,  virtuous, 
and  distinguished  for  their  intelligence  and 
independence.  From  the  polish  of  their 
manners,  they  are  called  the  French  of 
northern  Europe. 

The  government  is  a  limited  constitutional 
monarchy. 

Great  pains  is  taken  in  education,  and  its 


120 


EUROPE. 


primary,  grammar  schools  and  universities 
are  superior. 

The  Lutheran  religion  is  professed  by  the 
great  body  of  the  people,  though  other  relig- 
ions are  tolerated. 

Stockholm,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  sit- 
uated between  lake  Maelar  and  the  Baltic 
sea.  It  is  built  partly  on  the  main  land,  and 
partly  on  several  islands  connected  with  each 
other  and  the  main  land  by  bridges.  It  has 
an  excellent  harbor,  and  considerable  com- 
merce. 

Gothenburg  is,  next  to  Stockholm,  the  most 
important  trading  city  of  the  kingdom. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Sweden  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its  surface  and  climate  ?  Soil  ? 
The  chief  resources?  Mines?  Inhabitants?  Gov- 
ernment? Education?  Religion?  Stockholm?  Goth- 
enburg ? 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRK 
The  Russian  Empire  is  the  most  extensive 
empire  in  the  world,  containing  over  seven 
millions  of  square  miles,  and  sixty-five  mill- 
ions of  inhabitants.  It  embraces  Russia  in 
Europe,  Russia  in  Asia,  and  Russian  America. 

Questions.     "What  ^s  the  extent  of  the  Russian 
Empire  ?    What  does  it  embrace  ? 


3.    RUSSIA. 

Square  miles,  2,142,000.     Population,  60,000,000. 

Russia  is  a  vast  plain  occupying  all  the  east- 
ern part  of  Europe,  and  comprising  more 
than  one-half  of  it.  It  abounds  with  lakes, 
majestic  rivers,  and  immense  forests. 

The  northern  part  is  excessively  cold,  and 
only  adapted  to  grazing.  The  other  sections 
are  temperate,  with  a  fertile  soil,  producing 
abundantly  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  maize, 


potatoes,  flax,  hemp,  hops,  and  various  kinds 
of  fruits. 

Iron,  copper,  salt,  gold,  platina,  diamonds 
and  other  precious  stones  abound. 

Cattle  and  sheep  are  reared  in  great  num- 
bers. 

Manufactures  and  the  arts  are  much  en- 
couraged, and  have  rapidly  improved  within 
a  few  years. 

It  has  an  extensive  system  of  canals,  and 
several  railways  are  completed,  or  in  progress. 

The  traveling  in  the  winter  is  principally 
by  sledges  drawn  upon  the  snow. 

The  inland  commerce  of  Russia  is  exten- 
sive, but  its  foreign  commerce  is  limited, 
many  of  its  harbors  being  frozen  over  most 
of  the  year.  Tallow,  wheat,  hemp,  flax, 
flaxseed,  timber  and  leather,  are  the  chief 
exports. 

The  inhabitants  are  divided  into  the  nobil- 
ity, clergy,  citizens  and  serfs.  The  larger 
portion  are  serfs,  or  slaves,  and  extremely 
ignorant  and  superstitious.  The  nobility  are 
wealthy,  and  live  in  great  splendor. 

The  government  is  a  military  despotism, 
supported  by  an  army  of  seven  hundred 
thousand  men.  The  Emperor,  styled  the 
Autocrat  of  Russia,  is  at  the  head  of  both 
church  and  state. 

The  established  religion  is  that  of  the 
Greek  church. 

St.  Petersburg,  the  seat  of  government, 
is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Fin- 
land. It  was  founded  by  Peter  the  Great, 
and  from  the  extent  and  magnificence  of 
many  of  its  buildings,  is  called  the  city  of  pal- 
aces. It  also  contains  many  elegant  churches. 
In  commerce  and  science  it  is  the  first  city 
in  Russia. 

Moscow  is  a  very  populous  city,  abounding 
with  beautiful  palaces  and  gardens.     It  was 


EUROPE. 


121 


Traveling  in 


burnt  to  the  ground  in  1812,  to  prevent  tlie 
army  of  Napoleon  from  occupying  it,  but 
has  been  rebuilt  with  increased  splendor. 
The  celebrated  bell  of  Moscow  is  nineteen 
feet  high  and  sixty-seven  in  circumference, 
and  weighs  nearly  200  tuns. 

Sevastopol  is  an  important  town  and  the 
principal  naval  station  of  Kussia  on  the  Black 
Sea.  The  forts  were  principally  destroyed 
by  the  English  and  French  in  1855.  Odessa, 
on  the  Black  sea,  Riga,  on  the  Baltic  sea, 
Archangel,  on  the  White  sea,  and  Cronstadt, 
on  an  island  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  are  im- 
portant seaports. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Russia?  Inhabitants?  What  is  the  surface? 
Climate,  soil  and  productions  ?  What  is  said  of  min- 
erals ?  Manufactures  ?  Canals  and  Railways  ?  Com- 
merce and  Exports?  Inhabitants?  Government? 
The  Emperor?  Religion?  St.  Petersburg ?  Moscow? 
Sevastopol?  Odessa,  Riga,  Archangel  and  Cron- 
stadt? 


EXrSSIAir  PKOVIBTCES. 

4.     LAPLAND. 

Lapland  is  a  dreary,  mountainous  region, 
lying  at  the  extreme  northern  part  of  Europe, 
and  belongs  principally  to  Kussia,  but  a  por- 
tion of  it  to  Sweden  and  Norway. 

It  is  intensely  cold,  and  covered  with  snow 
two-thirds  of  the  year.  Vegetation  is  scanty, 
but  minerals  are  abundant. 

The  Laplanders  are  a  small,  hardy  race, 
and  rude  in  their  customs.  They  live  in 
huts,  in  the  center  of  which  they  build  fires, 
while  the  smoke  escapes  through  a  hole  at 
the  top. 

The  reindeer,  of  which  they  own  great 
numbers,  draw  them  over  the  snow  in 
sledges ;  while  their  milk  and  flesh  supplies 
them  with  food,  and  their  skins  and  horns, 
with  clothing  and  household  furniture. 

Tornea  and  Kola  are  the  chief  towns. 

Questions.  What  is  Lapland  ?  Its  climate  ?  Veg- 
etation ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  Laplanders  ?  The 
reindeer  ?    Tomea  and  Kola  ? 


122 


EUROPE. 


Austrian  Palace. 


5.     POLAND. 

Poland,  a  once  powerful  country,  was  con- 
quered in  1795,  and  divided  between  Eussia, 
Austria,  and  Prussia. 

The  portion  that  fell  to  Eussia  was  erected 
into  a  kingdom  in  1815,  but  seeking  to  re- 
gain its  independence  in  1830,  it  was  com- 
pletely subdued. 

The  surface  is  almost  a  perfect  level ;  the 
soil  very  fertile ;  and  the  inhabitants,  as  in 
Eussia,  divided  into  several  grades.  The 
Jews  are  very  numerous  and  enjoy  many 
privileges. 

Cracow,  the  ancient  capital  of  Poland,  is 
situated  on  the  Vistula,  and  is  celebrated  for 
its  magnificent  cathedral,  in  which  most  of  the 
Polish  kings  and  illustrious  men  are  buried. 

Questions.  When  was  Poland  conquered  ?  What 
occurred  in  1815  ?  In  1830  ?  What  is  the  surface, 
soil,  &c.  ?  The  character  of  the  nobles  ?  Describe 
Cracow. 


6.     AUSTRIA. 

Square  miles,  257,000.     Population,  36,514,000. 

Austria  lies  west  of  Eussia  and  embraces 
a  portion  of  ancient  Germany  and  Poland, 
Gallicia,  Hungary,  Dalmatia,  and  Lombardy 
in  Italy,  being  one  of  the  most  populous  and 
powerful  states  in  Europe. 

(The  Lombardo  Venetian  Kingdom  is  an 
important  part  of  the  Austrian  dominions, 
but  is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Alps  within  the  geographical  limits  of  Italy. 
It  will  be  described  in  connection  with  the 
Italian  States.) 

It  is  generally  mountainous,  though  there 
is  a  great  variety  of  surface. 

The  soil  is  good  in  the  valleys  and  on  the 
plains,  but  is  not  well  cultivated. 

The  productions  are,  in  the  north,  wheat, 
rye,  oats  and  barley;  in  the  central  and 
southern  provinces,  the  vine,  maize  and 
olives  are  produced. 


EUROPE. 


Various  minerals,  as  gold,  silver,  iron, 
copper,  quicksilver,  and  lead,  are  found,  and 
salt  in  great  quantities. 

The  commerce  of  Austria  is  limited,  but 
its  manufactures  are  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. It  has  but  a  small  extent  of  sea- 
coast. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Roman  Cath- 
olics and  the  body  of  them,  though  possess- 
ing a  common  education,  much  oppressed. 
The  government  is  very  intolerant,  restrain- 
ing the  liberty  of  the  press  and  freedom  of 
speech.  The  emperor  has  almost  unlimited 
power. 

Vienna,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  plain  on  the  river  Dan- 
ube. It  has  many  handsome  buildings,  and 
is  the  residence  of  great  numbers  of  wealthy 
noblemen.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  de- 
voted to  pleasure. 

Prague  is  peculiar  in  its  architecture,  and 
from  its  domes  has  quite  an  oriental  appear- 
ance. Pesth^  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Dan- 
ube, is  an  important  city.  It  is  regularly 
laid  out,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  only  univer- 
sity in  Hungary.  Dehreczin  has  extensive 
manufactures  of  soap,  tobacco  pipe  bowls 
and  shoes. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  in  Austria  ? 
Inhabitants?  How  is  it  situated?  What  does  it 
embrace  ?  What  is  its  surface,  soil,  &c.  ?  What 
grauis  and  fruits  grow  ?  What  minerals  are  found  ? 
Wirat  is  said  of  commerce  and  manufactures  ?  The 
inhabitants  ?  Government  ?  Vienna  ?  Prague,  Pesth, 
and  Debreczin  ? 


TURKISH,  OR  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE. 

Tijrkey,  or  the  Ottoman  empire,  comprises 
Turkey  in   Europe,    Turkey   in   Asia,  and 


a  large  territory  in  Africa,  including  Tunis, 
Tripoli  and  Egypt,  and  their  dependencies. 

It  is  ruled  by  the  Sultan,  or  Grand  Porte, 
whom  the  Turks  impiously  style  the  "Shad- 
ow of  God" — the  "Brother  of  the  Sun,"  &c. 

Questions.  What  does  Turkey  embrace?  How 
is  it  ruled? 


r.     TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

Square  miles,  210,000.     Population,  15,500,000. 

This  country  is  situated  on  the  west  of  the 
Black  sea  and  sea  of  Marmora,  and  south  of 
Austria. 

It  is  beautifully  diversified  with  moun- 
tains, plains  and  valleys;  and  the  climate, 
though  subject  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold, 
is  generally  healthy. 

The  valleys  are  fertile,  and  yield  in  profu- 
sion wheat,  maize,  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  and 
various  fruits,  but  agriculture  is  miserably 
conducted. 

Immense  numbers  of  silk-worms  are  reared 
on  the  leaves  of  the  mulberry. 

Manufactures  are  much  neglected,  and  the 
commerce  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  foreign- 
ers. Education  and  the  arts  receive  little 
attention. 

The  Turks  are  a  well  formed  race,  but  ex- 
tremely haughty,  grave  and  indolent.  They 
are  rigid  Mohammedans,  and  very  supersti- 
tious. Their  customs  and  dress  are  unlike 
those  of  other  Europeans.  They  wear  tur- 
bans, and  loose  flowing  robes, — sit  on  cush- 
ions, and  dispense  with  knives  and  forks  in 
eating.  Bathing  and  smoking  seem  to  be 
their  favorite  employments. 

The  government  has  the  characteristic  fea- 
tures of  an  Asiatic  despotism,  but  has  been 
very  much  modified  by  the  influence  of  Euro- 
pean powers,  and  especially  by  that  of  the 


124 


EUROPE. 


Constantinople  and  the  Golden  Horn. 


allied  powers  of  France  and  England,  whose 
armies  occupied  the  country  during  the  strug- 
gle with  Kussia  in  the  war  of  1854-56. 

Constantinople  is  the  capital  of  the 
Ottoman  Empire,  and  the  residence  of  the 
Sultan.  It  is  a  strongly  fortified,  populous, 
and  beautiful  city,  situated  on  the  Bosporus, 
with  considerable  commerce.  Its  harbor, 
called  the  Golden  Horn,  is  one  of  the  most 
secure,  capacious  and  beautiful  in  the  world. 

Adrianople,  the  former  metropolis,  is  a 
flourishing  city. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Turkey 
in  Europe  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  the  situation  ? 
What  is  the  surface  and  climate  ?  Soil  and  produc- 
tions ?  What  is  said  of  manufactures  and  commerce  ? 
Education  and  the  arts?  Describe  the  Turks.  Their 
customs,  &c.  Government  Constantinople.  Adri- 
anople. 


8.     GREECE. 
Square  miles,  18,500.     Population,  1,002,000. 
Greece  is  a  small  kingdom  south  of  Tur- 
key, comprising  two  peninsulas  united  by  a 
narrow  isthmus,  and  several  islands. 


The  surface  is  mountainous  in  the  interior, 
interspersed  with  fertile  vales.  There  are 
a  few  small  plains. 

The  climate  is  mild  but  variable.  Wheat, 
maize,  rice,  cotton,  wool,  silk,  oil  and  a  vari- 
ety of  fruits  are  produced. 

The  Greeks  are  an  active,  brave,  and  pol- 
ished people,  possessing  much  genius  and 
love  of  distinction.  They  have  little  learn- 
ing, but  are  adepts  in  cunning  and  intrigue. 

Schools  and  colleges  have  recently  been 
established,  and  the  inhabitants  seem  desi- 
rous of  improvement. 

The  government  is  a  hereditary  monarchy. 
A  constitution  was  granted  in  1844. 

The  Greek  church  is  the  religion  estab- 
lished by  law. 

For  several  centuries  the  Greeks  were  in 
subjection  to  the  Turks,  who  took  every 
method  to  degrade  and  oppress  them.  In 
1820,  they  asserted  their  independence ;  and 
after  a  long  and  bloody  contest,  secured  it 
through  the  mediation  of  England,  France 
and  Kussia. 

Ancient  Greece  was  one  of  the  most  pow- 
erful empires  in  the  world.     Two  thousand 


EUROPE, 


The  Areopagus. 


years  .ago  it  was  the  land  of  song,  and  the 
seat  or  learning  and  the  arts.  Eains  of  archi- 
tecture and  sculpture  still  remain,  and  afford 
the  artist  many  of  his  finest  models. 

Athens, -one^.  of  the  most  famous  cities  of 
antiquity,  is  the  capital  of  modern  G^ee.,, 
Kuins  of  magnificent  temples  and  theaters 
still  exist,  but  they  render  the  meanness  of 
its  present  buildings  only  the  more  conspic- 
uous 

Corinth^  in  remote  times,  was  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  cities  of  Greece,  and  pro- 
verbial for  its  luxury.  It  is  now  an  import- 
ant port,  and  its  citadel  and  fortifications  are, 
next  to  those  of  Nauplia,  the  strongest  in 
Greece.  Nauplia  is  a  strongly  fortified  sea- 
port in  the  Morea. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Greece  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  its 
surface?    CUmate?   What  are  its  productions  ?   What 


is  the  character  of  the  Greeks  ?  What  is  said  of  edu- 
cation? Government?  Religion?  Of  the  subjection 
of  the  Greeks?  Their  independence?  Ancient 
Greece?    Ruins?    Athens?    Corinth?    Nauplia? 


^-IONIAN  ISLANDS. 

The  Ionian  republic  comprises  the  islands 
in  the  Ionian  sea,  west  of  Greece;  and  is 
under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

About  half  the  surface  is  under  cultiva- 
tion, yielding  wheat,  barley  and  other  grains, 
wines,  olive  oil  and  currants. 

The  inhabitants  number  about  two  hun- 
dred^ thousand,  chiefly  Greeks  and  Italians, 
and  are  shrewd,  active,  and  industrious. 

Corfu,  on  the  island  of  Corfu,  is  the 
capital. 

Questions.  What  does  the  Ionian  republic  com- 
prise ?    What  can  you  say  of  the  inhabitants  ?    Corfu  ? 


126 


EUROPE. 


St.  Peter's  as  seen  from  the  Tiber. 


ITALY,  OR  THE  ITALIAN  STATES. 

Square  miles,  119,000.     Population,  24,700,000. 

Italy  is  a  celebrated  country  in  the  south 
of  Europe  and  consists  of  a  large  peninsula 
and  several  islands.  It  is  subdivided  into  a 
number  of  independent  kingdoms,  duchies 
and  dependencies,  but  is  distinctly  marked  as 
one  great  whole,  by  its  natural  boundaries 
and  common  language. 

Its  surface  is  varied ;  a  rnnfre  of  mountains 
extending  north  and  south  nearly  through 
the  peninsula.  Between  the  mountains  are 
numerous  fertile  valleys,  abounding  in  beau- 
tiful scenery.  In  the  north  is  a  large  and 
fertile  plain,  very  productive. 

It  has  an  excellent  climate ;  the  atmosphere 
is  remarkable  for  its  clearness. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Wheat, 
maize,  rye,  rice,  oil,  wine,  silk,  dates,  al- 
monds, figs,  and  oranges  are  the  chief  pro- 
ducts. Manufactures  and  commerce  are  in  a 
languishing  condition. 


It  is  rich  in  mineral  products,  but  has  few 
metals  except  iron  and  lead. 

The  Apennines  furnish  the  beautiful  mar- 
ble of  Carrara. 

The  Italians  possess  ardent  feelings,  lively 
imaginations,  and  much  skill  in  music,  paint- 
ing and  sculpture ;  but  are  deplorably  indo- 
lent, ignorant  and  superstitious.  The  Eoman 
Catholic  is  the  established  religion ;  and  the 
clergy  compose  a  considerable  portion  of  the 
population. 

Italy  was  once  the  seat  of  a  mighty  empire, 
and  renowned  in  the  arts  and  sciences. 
Monuments  of  its  former  wealth  and  mag- 
nificence are  every  where  seen. 

The  principal  divisions  of  Italy  are  the 
kingdom  of  Sardinia,  the  kingdom  of  Lom- 
bardy  and  Venice,  the  duchies  of  Parma  and 
Modena,  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuscany,  the 
States  of  the  Church,  and  the  kingdom  of 
Naples. 

Questions.     What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 


EUROPE. 


121 


in  Italy  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  How 
is  it  subdivided?  What  is  its  surface?  Climate? 
"What  is  said  of  agriculture  ?  AYhat  arc  its  chief  pro- 
ducts ?  What  is  said  of  manufactures  and  commerce  ? 
Minerals?  The  inhabitants  ?  Religion?  The  former 
condition  of  Italy?  What  are  seen?  Name  the 
principal  divisions  of  Italy.  ^ 


9.     SARDINIA. 

The  kingdom  of  Sardinia  embraces  that 
portion  of  Italy  bordering  on  France,  and  also 
the  island  of  Sardinia. 

Though  containing  lofty  mountains  it  is 
very  productive. 

Turin,  the  seat  of  government,  is  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  plain,  and  remarka- 
ble for  its  neatness  and  regularit}^ 

Genoa,  the  birth  place  of  Columbus,  is  a 
commercial  city  on  the  gulf  of  Genoa ;  and 
from  the  beauty  of  its  location,  and  the 
splendor  of  its  structures,  is  called  the  proud, 
or  superb  city.  It  was  once  the  seat  of  a 
powerful  republic. 


Question's. 
is  said  of  it  ? 


What  does  Sardinia  embrace  ? 
Describe  Turin.     Genoa. 


What 


10.     LOMBARDO  VE>;ETIAN  KINGDOM. 

This  kingdom  comprises  a  highly  fertile 
and  well  cultivated  plain,  situated  between 
the  Po  and  the  Alps,  and  is  subject  to  Aus- 
tria. 

Vast  quantities  of  silk  of  the  finest  qual- 
ity are  annually  produced. 

Milan,  the  capital,  is  considered  the  most 
splendid  city  in  Italy.  Its  cathedral  is  a 
superb  structure  of  pure  white  marble,  and 
is  said  to  contain  4000  statues. 

Venice  is  situated  at  the  head  of  the  gulf 
of  Venice,  on  eighty-two  islands,  connected 
by   860   bridges.     Canals,  and  a  light  boat 


called  a  gondola,  are  used  in  the  place  of 
roads  and  carriages.  Three  hundred  years 
since  it  was  the  most  wealthy  and  magnificent 
city  in  Europe. 

Questions.     What   does  the  Lombard©  Venetian 
kingdom  comprise  ?     Describe  Milan.     Venice. 


11  &  12.     PARMA  AND  MODENA. 

These  are  small,  populous  states,  lying  be- 
tween Tuscany  and  the  kingdom  of  Lom- 
bardy  and  Venice. 

Parma  and  Modena,  are  in  their  order 
the  capitals,  and  well  built  cities. 

Questions.  What  are  Parma  and  Modena  ?  Name 
their  capitals. 


13.     TUSCANY. 

Tuscany,  east  of  the  island  of  Elba,  is  one 
of  the  most  flourishing  Italian  states,  and 
considerably  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
silks  and  Leghorn  bonnets. 

Florence,  the  capital  and  birth-place  of 
Americus  Vespucius,  is  situated  on  the  river 
Arno,and  celebrated  for  its  beautiful  fountains, 
churches,  palaces,  statuary  and  paintings. 

Questions.     Describe  Tuscany.     Florence. 


15.     THE  STATES  OF  THE  CHURCH. 

The  States  of  the  Church  occupy  the  cen- 
ter of  Italy,  and  are  under  the  exclusive 
dominion  of  the  Pope,  who  is  the  Head  of 
the  Eoman  Catholic  Church. 

The  sovereign,  or  pope,  must  be,  at  the 
time  of  his  election,  a  cardinal  priest,  and  is 
chosen  for  life  by  his  fellow  cardinals. 

EoME,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Tiber, 
and  built  on  seven  hills.  In  its  palmy  days 
it  was  the  metropolis  of  the  renowned,  an- 


128 


EUROPE. 


The  Ancient  Forum. 


cient  Eoman  Empire, — tlie  city  of  tlie  Cae- 
sars, and  the  queen  of  the  world.  Its  chief 
glory  in  modern  times  consists  in  the  number 
and  grandeur  of  its  fountains  and  churches. 
The  church  of  St.  Peter  is  the  most  magnifi- 
cent temple  ever  built  by  man,  and  was 
erected  at  an  expense  of  over  80,000,000  of 
dollars. 

The  Vatican,  situated  on  the  hill  of  the 
same  name,  and  the  winter  residence  of  the 
Pope,  is  the  largest  palace  in  Europe. 

Questions.  What  do  the  States  of  the  Church 
occupy  ?  What  is  said  of  the  sovereign  ?  Describe 
Rome.     What  is  said  of  the  Vatican  ? 


15.     NAPLES. 

The  kingdom  of  Naples  comprises  the 
southern  section  of  Italy,  Sicily  and  its  adja- 
cent islands. 

Notwithstanding  its  great  facilities  for 
agriculture  and  commerce,  both  are  much 
neglected.  Indolence  everywhere  prevails, 
and  beggars  crowd  the  streets  of  its"  cities. 


Mount  Etna,  a  burning  volcano,  is  situated 
on  the  island  of  Sicily,  and  Mount  Vesuvius, 
near  the  bay  of  Naples. 

Naples,  the  seat  of  government,  is  located 
at  the  foot  of  Mount  Vesuvius,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  bay  of  Naples.  In  beauty  of 
situation,  clearness  of  atmosphere,  and  mild- 
ness of  climate,  it  is  almost  unrivaled. 

Questions.  What  does  Naples  comprise?  What 
is  said  of  agriculture  and  commerce  ?  What  prevails  ? 
What  two  movmts  ?    Describe  the  city  of  Naples. 


16.     FRANCE. 

Square  miles,  200,700.     Population,  35,780,000. 

France  is  an  important  empire  in  the  west 
of  Europe,  extending  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean to  the  Atlantic. 

The  surface  is  level  in  the  north,  consist- 
ing mostly  of  an  extensive  plain,  but  hilly 
and  mountainous  in  the  south. 

The  soil  is  usually  fertile,  and  the  climate 
temperate  and  agreeable. 

It  surpasses  all  the  other  countries  of  Eu- 


EUROPE, 


129 


rope  in  the  variety  of  its  agricultural  pro- 
ducts. 

The  chief  productions  are  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
barley,  maize,  potatoes  and  grapes.  The 
grape  vineyards  cover  several  millions  of 
acres,  and  produce  large  quantities  of  wine. 

Agriculture  is  in  an  advanced  state,  and  a 
chief  pursuit.  In  the  variety  and  value  of 
its  manufactures,  France  is  only  second  to 
England ;  and  its  commerce  is  very  extensive. 

Its  minerals  are  lead,  iron,  coal  and  salt. 

The  French  are  very  gay,  social  and  po- 
lite, remarkable  for  their  versatility  and 
bravery,  and  extremely  fond  of  amusements, 
especially  dancing. 

Public  libraries  and  colleges  are  numerous, 
and  many  of  the  French  are  distinguished 
for  their  learning  and  science,  but  a  large 
proportion  are  almost  destitute  of  education. 
All  religious  sects  are  tolerated,  but  the  peo- 
ple are  chiefly  Catholics. 

The  government  was  formerly  one  of  the 
most  powerful  monarchies  of  Europe.  In 
the  revolution  of  1848  it  became  repub- 
lican in  form,  and  in  1853  was  changed  to  an 
empire. 

Paris,  the  capital,  situated  on  the  river 
Seine,  is  the  handsomest  city  in  Europe, 
and  the  second  in  population.  It  is  noted 
for  the  number  and  elegance  of  its  public 
buildings  and  gardens,  and  as  the  seat  of  lit- 
erature, science  and  fashion.  It  is  extensive- 
ly engaged  in  manufactures,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  mathematical  and  optical  instruments. 

Lyons  is  a  populous,  wealthy  and  commer- 
cial city,  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of 
silk,  and  gold  and  silver  stuffs.  Marseilles  is 
the  chief  seaport  on  the  Mediterranean.  Rouen 
is  noted  for  its  manufactures.  Bordeavx,  for 
its  wines.  Toulon  and  Brest  are  large  naval 
stations.  Havre  has  an  extensive  trade  with 
the  United  States. 


To  France  also  belongs  the  island  of  Cor- 
sica, in  the  Mediterranean  sea.  Ajaccio,  on 
this  island,  was  the  birth  place  of  Bonaparte. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  l^as  Fmnce  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What  is^id  of 
its  surface,  climate,  and  soil?  Products?  Agricul- 
ture, manufactures,  and  commerce  ?  Minerals  ?  The 
French  ?  The  state  of  education  ?  The  government  ? 
Paris?  Lyons?  Marseilles?  Rouen?  Bordeaux? 
Toulon  and  Brest  ?  Havre  ?  To  whom  d^es  Corsica 
belong  ? 


IT.     SPAIN. 

Square  miles,  188,000.     Population,  13,900,000. 

Spain  occupies  the  larger  part  of  the  pe- 
ninsula in  the  south-west  of  Europe. 

Several  ranges  of  mountains  render  its 
surface  broken,  and  afford  much  wild  and 
romantic  scenery. 

The  climate  is  warm  on  the  coast,  but  sub- 
ject to  great  changes  on  the  table  lands.  The 
soil  is  varied. 

In  the  fertile  regions,  wheat,  rice,  maize 
and  barley  are  produced,  and  various  fruits 
flourish,  particularly  grapes,  oranges,  lemons, 
figs  and  melons. 

The  minerals  are  numerous  and  valuable, 
but  at  present  little  worked.  They  include 
gold,  silver,  quicksilver,  copper,  iron  and  zinc. 

Manufactures  and  commerce  are  greatly 
neglected;  and  the  people  lack  a  spirit  of 
enterprise  and  improvement. 

The  Spaniards  are  proud,  friendly  and 
brave ;  but  ignorant,  easily  excited  and  re- 
vengeful. They  are  extremely  fond  of 
amusements,  among  which  are  dancing,  music 
and  bull-fights.  In  religion  they  are  Catholics. 

The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy, 
and  formerly  possessed  vast  territories  in 
North  and  South  America.  The  only  Amer- 
ican colonies  now  subject  to  Spain  are  Cuba, 


EUROPE. 


Madrid  and  the  Plaza  Mayor,  with  statue  of  Philip  III. 


Porto  Rico,  and  the  Virgin  islands.  Its  de- 
pendencies in  the  Mediterranean  are  the  Ba- 
learic islands. 

Madrid,  the  capital,  is  built  on  low  and 
irregular  sand  hills,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
barren  and  extensive  plain.  It  has  several 
fine  palaces,  churches  and  public  squares,  but 
is  almost  destitute  of  manufactures  and  trade. 

Oibraltar,  the  most  strongly  fortified  city 
in  the  world,  is  situated  at  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  Spain,  on  a  bold,  rocky  bluff.  It 
has  been  in  possession  of  the  British  since 
170i.  Cadiz,  on  the  island  of  Leon,  is  the 
principal  seaport. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Spain  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What  is  its  sur- 
face ?  Climate  and  soil  ?  Productions  ?  What  min- 
erals are  found  ?  What  can  you  say  of  manufactures, 
commerce,  &c.  ?  The  Spaniards  ?  Government  ? 
Madrid  ?    Gibraltar  ?    Cadiz  ? 


18.    PORTUGAL. 
Square  miles,  35,090.     Population,  3,471,000. 
Portugal  is  situated  in  the  south-western 
part  of  Europe. 

It  is  beautifully  diversified  with  hills  and 


plains  and  possesses  a  mild  and  agreeable 
climate. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  but  agriculture  is  in  a 
very  backward  state.  Wheat,  barley,  oats, 
flax,  rice,  olives,  oranges,  lemons  and  grapes 
are  the  chief  products. 

The  manufactures  are  limited.  The  com- 
merce, formerly  large,  is  now  less  extensive, 
and  mostly  in  the  hands  of  foreigners. 

The  Portuguese  resemble  the  Spaniards  in 
their  characteristics,  but  the  two  nations  have 
a  deep  rooted  antipathy  to  each  other.  The 
government  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The 
religion  Roman  Catholic. 

Lisbon,  the  capital  and  principal  seaport, 
is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tagus, 
and  has  considerable  commerce.  It  has  sev- 
eral fine  public  buildings  and  churches. 

Oporto  is  noted  for  its  wines ;  Coimbra  for 
its  University  ;  and  Setuhal  for  its  manu- 
facture of  salt. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  in  Por- 
tugal ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What 
in  respect  to  its  surface  and  climate  ?  Soil  and  pro- 
ductions ?  Manufactures  and  commerce  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  Portuguese?  Government?  Lisbon? 
Oporto,  Coimbra,  and  Setubal  ? 


EUROPE. 


13] 


r^^».^;;^.^^ 


View  of  London  from  Greenwich  Park. 


THE  BRITISH  ISLES. 

Great  Britain  comprises  England,  "Wales 
and  Scotland;  and  with  Ireland  forms  "The 
United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land," also  called  "  The  British  Isles." 

Its  principal  foreign  possessions  are  Brit- 
ish America,  West  Indies,  Cape  Colony,  a 
large  part  of  India,  and  Australia.  These, 
with  other  colonies,  united  with  the  British 
Isles,  form  the  British  Empire. 

Great,Britain  is  distinguished  jfor  the  en- 
terprise and  intelligence  of  its  inhabitants, 
and  is  unrivaled  in  the  extent  of  its  manu- 
factures and  commerce. 

The  government  is  a  limited  and  heredita- 
ry monarchy. 

Questions.  What  does  Great  Britain  comprise? 
What  are  the  principal  possessions  of  the  United 
Kingdom  ?  What  does  the  whole  fonn  ?  How  dis- 
tinguished ?    Government  ? 


19.    ENGLAND. 

Square  miles,  51,000.     Population,  16,922,000. 

England  comprises  the  southern  portion 
of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

It  has  a  beautifully  diversified  surface,  and 
abounds  with  picturesque  scenery.  The  cli- 
mate is  mild,  but  damp,  and  the  soil,  though 
not  naturally  fertile,  has  been  brought  to  a 
h?gh  state  of  cultivation,  and  yields  the  va- 
rious grains  and  vegetables  in  abundance. 

Coal,  iron,  copper,  tin,  lead  and  salt  are 
found  in  large  quantities.  Several  mineral 
and  hot  springs  exist,  to  which  throngs  of 
invalids  and  fashionable  people  resort. 

England  has  carried  agriculture  to  a  very 
high  state  of  perfection,  and  excels  every 
other  nation  in  the  variety  and  value  of  its 
manufactures. 

It  is  densely  populated,  but  striking  differ- 
ences are  seen  in  the  character  and  social  con- 


132 


EUROPE. 


Greenwich  Park  and  Hospital. 


dition  of  its  citizens.  The  nobility  live  in 
affluence  and  luxury, — the  poor,  often  in 
great  want.  As  a  nation,  however,  the  Eng- 
lish may  be  characterized  as  grave,  honest, 
industrious,  benevolent  and  brave. 

The  universities  of  England  are  numerous 
and  distinguished ;  but  many  of  the  poorer 
classes  are  entirely  destitute  of  instruction. 

The  religion  is  protestant,  though  all  relig- 
ious sects  have  perfect  freedom. 

London  is  the  capital  of  the  British  Em- 
pire and  the  largest  city  in  Europe.  It  is 
situated  on  the  river  Thames,  and  in  wealth 
and  commerce,  and  its  literary  and  benevo- 
lent institutions,  it  surpasses  every  other  city 
on  the  globe. 

A  number  of  beautiful  bridges  cross  the 
Thames,  and  a  tunnel  forms  a  passage  under 
the  bed  of  the  river.  Many  of  its  pub- 
lic buildings  are  very  imposing  structures. 
St.  Paul's  Church  is  next  to  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome,  in  point  of  magnificence. 

Greenwich,  a  borough  and  parish  adjoining 
London,  contains  the  royal  observatory  from 
which  the  longitudes  in  all  British  charts  are 


reckoned,  and  it  has  a  magnificent  naval 
hospital,  for  the  maintenance  of  wounded 
or  unfortunate  seamen.  Greenwich  park 
contains  about  two  hundred  acres  of  undu- 
lating and  wooded  land,  and  is  a  place  much 
resorted  to  by  the  inhabitants  of  London. 

Liverpool,  on  the  river  Mersey,  is  the 
second  commercial  city,  carrying  on  an  im- 
mense trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Bristol  is  situated  on  the  Avon,  and  has  an 
extensive  commerce.  It  was  the  first  port 
in  Britain,  whence  regular  steam  communi- 
cation with  the  United  States  was  establish- 
ed. Birmingham  is  noted  for  its  iron  manu- 
factures, and  Manchester  for  its  manufactures 
of  cotton.  Portsmouth  and  Plymouth  are  im- 
portant naval  stations. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  England? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  the 
surface  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  What  is  said  of  minerals 
and  springs  ?  Of  England  in  respect  to  agriculture  and 
manufactures?  Its  citizens?  How  may  the  English 
be  characterized  ?  What  of  education  ?  What  can  you 
say  of  London?  Greenwich?  Liverpool?  Bristol? 
Birmingham  and  Manchester?  Portsmouth  and 
Plymouth  ? 


EUROPE. 


133 


Edinburgh. 


20.    WALES. 


I,    SCOTLAND. 


Square  miles,  7,400.     Population,  1,005,000. 

Wales  is  situated  west  of  England,  and  has 
generally  a  mountainous  surface. 

Its  climate  is  similar  to  that  of  England, 
and  its  soil  is  fertile. 

The  principal  productions  are  barley,  oats 
and  potatoes. 

Coal,  iron,  copper  and  lead  are  abundant. 

The  Welsh  are  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Britons,  and  are  an  industrious  and  hospita- 
ble people.  Until  1283,  Wales  was  an  inde- 
pendent kingdom,  when  it  was  united  to 
England. 

Merthyr-Tydvil  is  the  principal  town,  and 
situated  in  a  mining  district. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  in 
Wales  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its  sit- 
uation, surface,  climate,  soil,  productions  ?  Minerals  ? 
The  Welsh?    History?    Merthyr-Tydvil? 


Square  miles,  30,000.     Population,  2,888,000. 

Scotland  occupies  the  whole  of  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain. 

It  has  a  broken  surface,  and  is  noted  for 
the  wildness  and  grandeur  of  its  mountain 
scenery,  its  rapid  streams,  and  beautiful 
lakes,  called  lochs. 

The  Grampian  Hills  divide  it  into  two 
sections,  called  the  Highlands  and  the  Low- 
lands. The  Highlands  are  cool,  and  chiefly 
adapted  to  pasture  ;  the  Lowlands  are  mild- 
er, and  productive  of  various  kinds  of  grain 
and  vegetables. 

The  principal  minerals  are  coal,  iron,  lead 
and  copper.  Manufactures  are  flourishing; 
and  commerce  and  the  fisheries  are  exten- 
sively pursued. 

The  Scotch  are  grave,  hardy  and  enter- 
prising ;  of  a  moral  and  religious  turn  of 


134 


EUROPE. 


mind;  and  are  remarkably  well  instructed. 
Schools  are  established  in  every  parish,  and 
many  of  the  most  distinguished  scholars, 
historians  and  poets,  have  sprung  from  Scot- 
land. 

Edinburgh,  the  metropolis  of  Scotland, 
is  distinguished  for  its  romantic  site,  and  nu- 
merous literary  and  charitable  institutions. 
Glasgow  is  a  large  city,  with  flourishing 
manufactures,  and  noted  for  its  university. 
Aberdeen  and  Dundee  are  very  flourishing 
manufacturing  and  commercial  towns. 

The  Hebrides,  Orkney,  and  Shetland 
islands  comprise  several  hundred  in  number, 
and  belong  to  Scotland. 

Fingal's  Cave,  a  very  romantic  cavern,  is 
on  the  island  of  Staffa,  one  of  the  Hebrides. 
It  is  composed  of  basaltic  columns,  beauti- 
fully jointed  and  of  various  forms. 

Questions.  How  many  square  milet  has  Scotland  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  For  what  is  it 
noted  ?  How  divided  ?  What  is  said  of  the  High- 
lands ?  Lowlands  ?  Minerals,  manufactures,  &c.  ? 
The  Scotch  ?  Schools,  scholars,  &c.  ?  Edinburgh  ? 
Glasgow  ?  Aberdeen  and  Dundee  ?  The  islands  ?  Fin- 
gal's Cave  ? 


22.     IRELAND. 
Square  miles,  32,500.     Population,  6,553,000. 

Ireland  is  a  large  island,  west  of  Great 
Britain,  sometimes  called  "Green  Erin,"  from 
the  beauty  of  its  verdure. 

Its  coast  is  generally  bold  and  rugged. 
The  surface  is  undulating,  a  large  part  of  the 
interior  consisting  of  an  expanse  of  bog, 
from  which  peat  for  fuel  is  obtained. 

The  climate  is  mild ;  but  its  great  moist- 
ure renders  the  country  better  adapted  to 
grazing  than  tillage.  Potatoes,  oats,  flax, 
wheat  and  barley  are  the  chief  crops.  Linen 
is  the  principal  article  of  manufacture.     Cot- 


ton and  woolen  goods  are  made  to  a  limited 

extent. 

The  Irish  are  ardent,  brave,  generous,  and 
possess  a  large  share  of  good  humor  and 
wit ;  but  the  mass  of  them  are  in  a  state  of 
extreme  wretchedness  and  poverty.  The 
majority  are  Eoman  Catholics. 

The  Giant's  Causeway,  on  the  north-west 
coast,  consists  of  perpendicular  columns  of 
rock,  which  rise  from  200  to  400  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  the  most  remarka- 
ble curiosity  in  Ireland. 

Dublin,  the  capital,  abounds  with  mag- 
nificent edifices  and  handsome  streets,  and  is 
surrounded  by  beautiful  suburbs.  But,  in  the 
midst  of  all  this  splendor,  is  to  be  found  the 
deepest  indigence  and  distress. 

Cork  is  the  second  city  in  size,  and  has  a 
capacious  harbor  with  an  extensive  com- 
merce.    Belfast  is  also  a  commercial  city. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Ireland.  Of  Inhabitants.  What  is  the  surface  and 
soil  ?  What  can  you  say  of  the  climate  ?  Crops  ? 
Linen?  The  Irish,  &c.  ?  The  Giant's  Causeway? 
Dublin?    Cork?    Belfast? 


23.    BELGIUM. 
Square  miles,  11,400.     Population,  4,359,000. 

Belgium  is  a  small  kingdom  of  Western 
Europe,  situated  north-east  of  France. 

Its  surface  may  be  regarded  as  an  inclined 
plane,  somewhat  rugged,  elevated  in  the 
south-east  and  sloping  to  the  north-west. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  agreeable, 
but  the  low  flats  are  considered  unhealthy. 

The  soil  is  so  highly  cultivated  as  to  re- 
semble a  garden,  and  agriculture  is  carried 
to  the  highest  perfection.  Grains,  tobacco, 
flax,  hemp  and  fruits  grow  in  great  luxuri- 


EUROPE. 


The  mineral  kingdom  is  exceedingly  ricli 
in  lead,  manganese,  zinc,  iron  and  coal,  and 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  in  a  flourish- 
ing state. 

The  roads  of  Belgium  are  very  superior, 
and  spacious  canals  connect  the  principal 
cities. 

The  Belgians  combine  the  persevering  in- 
dustry of  the  Dutch  with  the  vivacity  of  the 
French,  and  are  distinguished  for  mechanical 
skill.  They  are  rigid  adherents  of  the  Cath- 
olic religion.  The  government  is  a  limited 
monarchy. 

Brussels,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city, 
adorned  with  elegant  palaces,  handsome 
squares,  fountains,  and  shaded  walks.  It  is 
also  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  laces,  car- 
pets and  linens. 

Ohent  has  extensive  manufactures.  The 
treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  was  signed  here  in  1814. 
Antwerp  is  the  chief  commercial  city  of  Bel- 
gium, and  contains  one  of  the  most  magnifi- 
cent cathedrals  in  Europe. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Belgium  ? 
Inhabitants?  What  is  Belgium?  What  of  its  sur- 
face ?  Climate  ?  Soil  and  agriculture  ?  Of  grains, 
&c.  ?  Mineral  kingdom  ?  Manufactures  and  com- 
merce? Roads  and  canals?  The  Belgians?  Gov- 
ernment?   Brussels?    Ghent?    Antwerp? 


24.    HOLLAND. 
Square  miles,  13,000.     Population,  3,962,000. 

Holland  lies  on  the  North  sea,  east  of  Bel- 
gium. 

It  is  a  flat  country,  and  lower  than  the 
level  of  the  sea,  which  is  kept  from  over- 
flowing its  surface  by  embankments  raised 
along  its  coasts. 

It  has  a  moist  and  cool  climate,  and  a  sur- 
passingly rich  and  productive  soil.     Grains 


and  fruits  are  raised  abundantly ;  but  more 
attention  is  paid  to  the  raising  of  cattle,  and 
the  making  of  butter  and  cheese. 

Commerce  and  manufactures,  though  not 
so  extensive  as  formerly,  are  in  a  flourishing 
condition.  Canals  are  very  numerous,  and 
afford  the  principal  means  of  conveyance. 

The  Dutch  are  a  remarkably  neat,  frugal, 
industrious,  patient  and  honest  people.  Prot- 
estantism is  the  prevailing  religion.  The 
government  is  a  limited  monarchy. 

Hague^  the  capital,  is  handsomely  built, 
and  intersected  by  numerous  canals,  whose 
banks  are  bordered  with  trees. 

Amsterdam^  the  most  populous  and  chief 
commercial  city  of  Holland,  is  built  on  piles 
driven  into  a  marsh  of  the  Zuyder  Zee.  It 
is  divided  by  canals  into  ninety  islands, 
which  are  connected  with  each  other  by 
nearly  800  bridges. 

Its  stadt-house  is  a  most  magnificent  build- 
ing of  freestone,  resting  on  piles  driven  very 
deep  into  the  ground. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Holland  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate  and  soil  ?  Grains 
and  fruits  ?  Commerce  and  manufactures  ?  Canals  ? 
The  Dutch?    Rehgion?    Hague?    Amsterdam? 


25.    DENMARK. 

Square  miles,  23,000.     Population,  2,108,000. 

Denmark  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jut- 
land, and  the  adjacent  islands,  lying  north 
of  Germany. 

It  has  a  moist,  but  healthy  climate.  The 
soil  is  in  general  sandy,  interspersed  with 
some  extensive  fertile  tracts. 

Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit,  and 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  buckwheat  and  peas, 
are  raised  in  considerable  quantities.     Cattle 


18S 


EUROPE. 


The  Geyser  and  Hecla. 


and  poultry  are  reared  in  great  numbers. 
The  products  of  the  dairy  are  important  ar- 
ticles of  export. 

Denmark  is  favorably  situated  for  com- 
merce and  is  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whale  and  herring  fisheries. 

The  Danes  are  industrious,  honest  and  well 
educated.  Common  schools  are  very  numer- 
ous, and  the  attendance  of  the  children  is 
enforced  by  law.  The  Lutheran  is  the  estab- 
lished religion.  The  government  is  an  un- 
limited monarchy,  but  wisely  administered. 

Copenhagen,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  is 
the  capital.  It  has  an  exeellent  harbor  and 
extensive  dockyards,  and  is  adorned  with 
numerous  beautiful  squares  and  fine  build- 
ings. 

The  Danish  possessions  include  Greenland, 
already  described,  Iceland  and  the  Faroe 
islands. 

Iceland  is  cold  and  mountainous,'  abound- 


ing with  volcanoes  andboiling  springs.  Veg- 
etation is  scanty,  and  the  inhabitants  chiefly 
subsist  on  cattle,  sheep,  and  fish.  The  Ice- 
landers are  simple  in  their  habits,  but  indus- 
trious and  well  instructed. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Denmark  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  comprise  ?  What  is  the 
climate?  Soil?  What  can  you  say  of  agriculture 
and  the  products  ?  The  situation  of  Denmark  in  re- 
spect to  commerce  ?  The  Danes  ?  Common  schools  ? 
Religion  and  government?  Copenhagen?  Danish 
?    Iceland  and  its  inhabitants  ? 


26.     PRUSSIA. 

Square  miles,  109,000.     Population,  16,935,000. 

Prussia  is  divided  into  two  sections  by  the 
kingdom  of  Hanover. 

The  principal  division  is  situated  between 
the  Baltic  sea  and  Austria.  The  western 
division  lies  south  of  Holland  and  Hanover. 


EUROPE. 


137 


The  eastern  division  is  very  level,  abound- 
ing in  plains,  some  of  tliem  covered  with 
extensive  forests.  The  western  division  has 
numerous  low  mountain  ranges  enclosing 
fertile  valleys. 

The  climate  is  in  general  healthy.  Much 
of  the  soil  in  the  eastern  section  is  sandy  and 
unproductive;  that  of  the  western  is  more 
fertile. 

Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  potatoes  and  cat- 
tle, are  largely  produced.  Minerals  are 
abundant,  iron,  coal,  copper,  zinc,  tin,  silver, 
salt,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  amber. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Protestants,  of 
German  descent,  and  well  educated. 

Prussia  has  a  well  organized  and  complete 
system  of  public  instruction,  and  every  child 
is  required  by  law  to  attend  school. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  monarchy. 

Berlin,  the  seat  of  government,  is  built 
on  a  sandy  plain,  on  both  banks  of  the 
Spree,  and  is  about  ten  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  sixteen 
feet  high.  It  is  an  elegant  city,  distinguish- 
ed for  the  magnificence  of  many  of  its  public 
buildings,  and  for  its  literary  institutions, 
and  possesses  extensive  manufactures  and 
trade. 

Bresktu  is  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
factures and  trade. 

Dantzic  and  Konigsberg  are  the  principal 
sea})ort3. 

Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles 
in  Prussia  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How  is  it  divided  ?  What 
is  its  situation  ?  The  surface  ?  Climate  ?  What  are 
produced  ?  What  minerals  are  abundant  ?  What  can 
you  say  of  the  inhabitants  ?  System  of  instruction  ? 
Government?  Berlin?  Breslau?  Dantzic  and  Kon- 
igsberg? 


27.     GERMANY. 

Square  miles,  92,000.     Population,  17,592,000. 

Germany  proper  occupies  the  central  part 
of  Europe. 

The  Germanic  confederation  comprises  one- 
third  of  Austria,  nearly  all  of  Prussia,  the 
duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg  in  Den- 
mark, the  kingdoms  of  Bavaria,  Hanover, 
Saxony  and  Wurtemburg,  with  twenty-eight 
smaller  states,  or  princioalities,  and  four  free 
cities.  * 

The  northern  section  of  Germany  consists 
of  a  plain,  which  is  low  and  sandy ;  the  cen- 
tral part,  of  a  plateau  and  mountainous  re- 
gion, and  the  southern,  of  mountains  and 
valleys. 

The  climate  is  remarkably  uniform,  except 
in  the  district  south  of  the  Alps. 

With  the  exception  of  the  loftier  moun- 
tain districts,  the  soil  is  fertile,  producing  the 
various  grains,  and  hemp,  flax,  potatoes,  to- 
bacco and  hops.  Grapes  are  extensively 
cultivated  south  of  latitude  61°  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rhine. 

Iron,  copper,  coal,  gold,  silver,  and  other 
metals  are  found.  Agriculture  is  the  leading 
pursuit  Manufactures  are  flourishing,  but 
commerce  receives  but  little  attention. 

The  Germans  have  light  complexions,  and 
are  noted  for  industry,  perseverance,  frank- 
ness and  hospitality. 

They  are  generally  well  educated,  imagin- 
ative, and  fond  of  music  and  dancing.  Uni- 
versities of  the  highest  celebrity,  schools  and 
valuable  libraries  abound,  and  no  nation  pro- 
duces a  greater  number  of  authors,  or  men 
more  distinguished  in  science,  than  Germany. 

The  German  Diet,  composed  of  delegates 
from  the  several  states,  holds  its  sessions  at 
Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  a  city  noted  for 
the  amount  of  business  transacted  at  its 
semi-atmual  fairs. 


138 


EUROPE. 


Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Germany 
proper?  Inhabitants?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What 
does  the  Germanic  Confederation  comprise  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  of  Germany  ?  Climate,  soil  and 
products?  Minerals?  Pursuits?  The  Germans? 
Universities  and  Schools  ?    The  German  Diet  ? 


28.     MECKLENBURG. 
Square  miles,  5,600.     Population,  641,000. 
Mecklenburg  is  a  level,  agricultural  tract, 
bordering  on  the  Baltic  Sea.     Cattle  are  rear- 
ed in  great  numbers.     Liquor  distilled  from 
corn  is  the  principal  article  of  manufacture. 
ScHWERiN  is  the  capital,  and  Rostwick  the 
chief  seaport. 

Questions.     Describe  Mecklenburg.     Name  its  cap- 
ital and  seaport 


29.    HANOVER. 

Square  miles,  14,800.     Population,  1,819,000. 

Hanover  is  a  kingdom  in  the  north-west 
of  Germany. 

In  the  low  alluvial  flats,  the  soil  is  remark- 
ably rich,  "but  it  has  many  barren  heaths. 
Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  in  a  low 
condition. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron  and  coal 
are  found ;  and  mining  constitutes  a  chief 
branch  of  industry. 

Hanover,  the  capital,  is  built  in  a  sandy 
plain.  It  is  divided  by  the  Leine,  a  branch 
of  the  Weser,  into  the  old  and  new  town ; 
the  former,  ill  built  and  dirty ;  the  latter,  reg- 
ularly laid  out. 

Oottingen  is  the  seat  of  a  university ;  the 
library,  observatory,  and  botanical  gardens 
of  which,  are  among  the  most  celebrated  in 
Europe. 

Questions.    Where  is  Hanover  situated?    What  is 


said  of  the  soil  ?  What  is  the  condition  of  agricul- 
ture and  manufactures  in  Hanover  ?  What  minerals 
are  found  ?    What  is  said  of  Hanover  ?    Gottingen  ? 


30.     SAXONY. 
Square  miles,  5,900.     Population,  1,988,000. 

Saxony,  a  kingdom  of  central  Germany,  is 
situated  south  of  Prussia. 

The  climate  in  the  loftier  mountain  dis- 
tricts is  cold  and  bleak,  but  in  other  parts  it 
is  milder  than  in  most  countries  of  Europe 
in  the  same  latitude. 

This  kingdom  is  distinguished  for  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  its  soil,  the  superiority  of  its 
cattle  and  sheep,  and  the  variety  and  rich- 
ness  of  its  minerals. 

Agriculture,  manufactures  and  trade  are  in 
a  flourishing  condition,  and  education  is  uni- 
versally diffused. 

Its  university,  gymnasia  and  schools  have 
been  much  celebrated. 

Universal  toleration  is  guaranteed  to  all 
religious  creeds;  but  the  principal  religion  is 
Lutheran. 

Dresden,  the  capital,  is  a  beautiful  city, 
with  superb  palaces  and  churches,  and  valu- 
able libraries  and  galleries  of  paintings. 

Leipsic  is  the  second  city  in  Saxony,  and 
one  of  the  chief  seats  of  commerce  in  Ger- 
many. It  is  noted  for  its  fairs,  at  which 
people  are  congregated  from  all  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, and  from  Asia  and  America.  It  is  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  the  manufacture  and 
trade  of  books.  Its  university  is  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  in  Germany. 

Questions.  Where  is  Saxony  situated  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  climate  ?  For  what  is  it  distinguished  ? 
What  is  the  state  of  agriculture,  manufactures,  &c.  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  religion?  Describe  Dresden. 
Leipsic. 


EUROPE. 


139 


Drpsden. 


31.     BAVARIA. 

Square  miles,  29,600.     Population,  4,559,000. 

The  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  situated  west  of 
Austria,  with  a  small  portion  of  territory 
west  of  the  Rhine,  in  extent  and  population, 
is  the  most  important  state  of  G-ermany 
proper. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthful, 
though  on  account  of  its  general  elevation,  it 
is  colder  than  the  other  countries  of  Ger- 
many. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  the  mountains  yielding 
excellent  pasturage,  while  the  valleys  are 
productive  in  grains  and  fruits. 

Munich,  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  hand- 
somest cities  in  Germany,  and  noted  for  its 
literary  institutions,  and  fine  galleries  of 
paintings  and  sculpture. 

Nuremberg  has  an  antique  appearance,  and 
is  celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  watches, 
musical  instruments,  &c.,  and  the  ingenuity 
of  its  citizens. 

Questions.  What  is  said  of  Bavaria  ?  Its  climate  ? 
Soil  ?    Productions  ?     Munich  ?     Nuremberg  ? 


32.     WURTEMBURG. 
Square  miles,  7,500.     Population,  1,815,000. 

Wurtemburg  is  a  kingdom  of  Germany, 
situated  west  of  Bavaria. 

Though  mountainous,  it  is  one  of  the  most 
fertile  and  highly  cultivated  portions  of  Ger- 
many, producing  grain,  fruits  and  wine. 

The  inhabitants  are  among  the  most  high- 
ly civilized  and  best  educated  in  Europe. 
Schools  and  libraries  are  very  numerous. 

Stuttgart  is  the  capital.  It  is  well  built, 
with  broad  and  handsome  streets  and  fine 
squares.  It  has  an  extensive  public  library 
and  many  private  libraries. 

Vim  is  noted  for  its  splendid  cathedral. 

Questions.  Where  is  Wurtemburg  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  soil  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Schools  and  libra- 
ries ?     Stuttgart  ?     Ulm  ? 


33.     BADEN. 
Square  miles,  5,900.     Population,  1,357,000. 
Baden  is  a  narrow,  fertile  tract,  bordering 
the  Rhine.     The  Black  Forest  extends  over 


140 


EUROPE. 


Summit  of  Mont  Blanc  and  the  Glaciers. 


a  large  part  of  the  state.  Many  of  its  liills 
are  covered  to  their  very  summits  with  vine- 
yards. Agriculture,  manufactures  and  trade 
are  in  a  flourishing  state. 

Carlsruhe,  the  capital,  and  Manheim,  are 
well  built  towns. 

Questions.     What  can  you  say  of  Baden  ?    Carls- 
ruhe ?    Manheim? 


FREE  CITIES. 

1.  Frankfort,  2.  Bremen,  3.  Hamburg,  4.  Lubeck. 
These  are  all  that  remain  of  the  eighty- 
five*cities  which  were  united  in  the  middle 
ages  for  mutual  assistance,  and  called  the 
Hanseatic  leasue.        . 


Frankfort,  on  the  Maine,  the  seat  of  the 
Germanic  diet,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  a 
beautiful,  but  narrow  valley.  It  has  a  large 
number  of  public  squares.  It  is  rich  in 
establishments  for  the  promotion  of  art  and 
literature,  and  has  considerable  trade. 

Bremen,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the 
Weser,  has  an  extensive  foreign  trade,  espe- 
cially with'  North  America.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal German  port  for  the  shipment  of  emi- 
grants. 

Hamburg,  the  largest  of  the  free  cities,  and 

the  greatest  commercial  port  on  the  continent 

of  Europe,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 

the  Elbe,  seventy  miles  from  its  mouth. 

Luhech  is  enclosed  by  ramparts  and  a  prom- 


EUROPE. 


141 


enade.  Its  trade  is  less  important  than  for- 
merly, but  is  still  thriving,  especially  with  the 
Baltic  states. 

Questions.     Name  the  free  cities.     What  is  said  of 
Frankfort?    Bremen?    Hamburg?    Lubeck? 


34.     SWITZERLAND. 
Square  miles,  15,000.     Population,  2,390,000. 

Switzerland,  a  federal  republic  of  central 
Europe,  comprises  twenty-two  cantons,  called 
the  Helvetic  Kepublic. 

It  is  a  land  of  mountains  and  vales,  lakes 
and  streams,  presenting  some  of  the  wildest, 
most  picturesque,  and  sublime  scenery  in  the 
world. 

The  Alps,  which  form  its  southern  boun- 
dary, are  the  loftiest  mountains  in  Europe, 
and  extremely  rugged.  Dazzling  glaciers,  or 
fields  of  ice,  crown  their  summits,  and  vast 
avalanches  of  snow,  rushing  from  their  sides 
into  the  vales  below,  sometimes  bury  whole 
villages. 
j*"  Switzerland  has  a  great  variety  of  climate. 
The  declivities  of  the  mountains  are  cold, 
and  only  adapted  to  grazing;  the  vales  are 
warm,  and  productive  of  grain  and   fruits. 


Cotton  goods  and  watches  are  the  princpial 
manufactures. 

A  variety  of  minerals  has  been  found  in 
the  different  strata,  but  none  are  worked  to 
much  extent,  except  iron. 

The  cantons  are  united  for  mutual  defence, 
but  retain  their  individual  independence  in 
regard  to  all  matters  of  internal  administra- 
tion. 

The  diet  meets  alternately  at  Berne^  the 
nominal  capital.  Lucerne^  and  Zurich. 

The  Swiss  are  well  educated  and  industri- 
ous, honest  and  hospitable,  and  ardently 
attached  to  their  country.  In  religion  they 
are  nearly  equally  divided  between  the  Prot- 
estant and  Roman  Catholic. 

Berne,  on  a  branch  of  the  Rhine,  is  one 
of  the  finest  cities  in  Europe,  and  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  picturesque  country. 

Geneva^  distinguished  for  its  literary  insti- 
tutions, and  the  manufacture  of  watches,  is 
beautifully  situated  on  lake  Geneva. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Switzer- 
land? Inhabitants?  What  does  it  comprise?  De- 
scribe its  surface.  The  Alps.  What  is  said  of  the 
climate?  Declivities  and  vales?  Manufactures? 
Minerals  ?  The  cantons  ?  The  diet  ?  The  Swiss  ? 
Berne?    Geneva? 


ASIA. 

SQUARE   MILES,  16,000,000.       POPULATION,  650,000,000. 

KEY   TO   M^I*    NO.   7. 


COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS,  CHIEF  TOWNS. 

1  Siberia,        l  Omsk,  2  Irkootsk,  3  Yekaterinboorg, 

4  Tobolsk,  5  Tomr?k,  6  Barnaul,  1 
Kiakhta,  8  Yakootsk,  9  Okhotsk, 
10  Petropaulovski. 

2  Chinese  Tartary, 

Soongaria,  1  Eelee. 

Mongolia,  2  Maimaitchin. 
Mantchooria,  3  Saghalien,  4  Clunyang. 
Toorkistan,  5  Yarkand,  6  Kashgar. 

3  Corea,         1  Kingkitao. 

4  China,  1   Peking,  2  Tccntsin,    3  Nanking,  4 

Shanghai,  6  Hang-chow-foo,  6 
Amoy,  7  Canton,  8  Macao. 

5  Thibet,         l  Lassa,  2  Jiga  Gounggar. 


6  Japan, 


1  Yeddo,  2  Miaka,  3.  Osaka. 


7  Farther  India, 

Burmah,  l   Monchoboo,  9  Rangoon,  10  Amara- 

poora. 
Anam,  2  Hce,  5  Ketcho,  6  Saigon. 
Siam,  3  Bangkok. 

Malacca,    4  Malacca,  1  Singapore. 
Tenasserim,  8  Amherst. 

8  Hindostan,  l  Calcutta,    2  Cashmere,  3  Amrit- 

seer,  4  Lahore,  5  Delhi,  6  Luck- 
now,  7  Benares,  8  Patna,  9  Dacca, 
10  Nagpoor,  11  Hyderabad,  12 
Madras,  13  Colombo,  14  Poonah, 
15  Bombay,  16  Surat,  17  Baroda, 
18  Ahmedabad,  19  Hydrabad,  20 
Oojein. 

9  Beloochistan,  l  Kelat. 

10  Afghanistan,  l  Cabool,  2  Herat,  3  Peshawer. 


11  Persia,         l  Teheran,  2  Tabreez,  3  Reshd,  4  Me- 

shed, 5  Ispahan,  6  Sheeraz. 

12  Arabia,        l  Mecca,  2  Derayeh,  3  Muscat,  4  Sana, 

5  Petra,  6   Medina,  7   Mocha,    8 
Aden. 

13  Turkey,        l    Smyrna,  2  Brusa,    3  Trebizond,    4 

Erzroom,    5  Kars,  6  Diarbekir,  7 
Mosul,  8  Bagdad,  9  Bassorah. 

14  Syria,  l  Aleppo,  2  Damascus,  3  Jerusalem,  4 

Beyroot. 

15  Georgia,     i  Tiflis. 

16  Independent  Toorkistan,  l  Khiva,  2  Khokan, 

3   Bokhara,    4  Tashkend,    5   Sa- 
marcand. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

1  Arctic  Ocean, 

2  Pacific  Ocean, 

3  Indian  Ocean, 

4  Sea  of  Kara, 

5  Gulf  of  Obi, 

6  Yenisei  Gulf, 

7  Gulf  of  Lena, 

8  Gulf  of  Anadir, 

9  Sea  of  Kamtchatka, 

10  Sea  of  Okhotsk, 

11  Penjinsk  Gulf, 

12  Jijiginsk  Gulf, 

13  Tomsk  Gulf, 

14  Sea  of  Yesso, 

1 5  Ska  of  Japan, 

16  Yeddo  Bay,  ^ 

17  Yellow  Sea, 

18  Pecheelee  Gulf, 

19  Eastern  Sea, 

20  China  Sea, 

21  Gulf  of  Tonquix, 


y 


144 


ASIA. 


22    GCLF  OF  SlAM, 

66  NiPHON, 

23  Gulf  of  Martaban, 

67    SlKOKF, 

24  Bay  of  Bengal, 

68  Kioosioo, 

25  Gulf  op  Manaab, 

69  QuELPAERT  Islands, 

26  Arabian  Sea, 

10  Loo-Choo  Islands, 

2Y  Gulf  of  Cambat, 

71  Formosa, 

28  Gulf  of  Cutch, 

72  Hongkong, 

29  Gulf  of  Okmus, 

73  Hainan, 

30  Pirsian  Gulp, 

74  Singapore, 

31  Gulf  of  Aden, 

75  Sumatra, 

32  Red  Sea, 

76  Penang, 

33  Dead  Sea, 

77  Junk-Ceylon, 

34  Mediterraneak  Sea, 

78    NiCOBAR, 

35  ^GEAN  Sea, 

79  Andaman, 

36  Sea  of  Marmora, 

80  Ceylon, 

37  Black  Sea, 

81  Maldite  Islands, 

38  Sea  of  Azof, 

82  Coralline  Islands, 

39  Caspian  Sea, 

83  LAfCADiVE  Islands, 

40  Dead  Gulf, 

41  Aral  Ska. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNEL& 

42  Behring's  Strait, 

43  Channel  of  Tartary, 

44  Perouse  Strait, 

45  Strait  of  Yesso, 

46  Strait  of  Corka, 

47  Strait  of  Formosa, 

48  Strait  of  Malacca, 

49  Palk's  Strait, 

50  Strait  of  Ormus, 

51  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandbb, 

52  Strait  of  Dardanelles, 
58  Channel  of  Bosporus. 
64  Strait  of  Yenikalk. 


ISLANDS. 

55  NoTA  Zkmbla, 

56  kotelnoi, 

57  Fadietskot, 

58  New  Siberia, 

59  Liaghoff, 

60  Behring's  Islands, 

61  Tctiantar, 

62  Saghalien, 

63  KooBXLE  Islands, 

64  Staten  Islands, 

65  Yesso, 


84  Kishm, 

85  Bahrein, 

86  SOCOTRA, 

87  Cyprus. 


PENINSULAS,  CAPES  AND  ISTHMUSES. 

88  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka, 

89  Cape  Zelania, 

90  North  East  Cape, 

91  Chelagskoy  Capk, 

92  East  Cape, 

93  Cape  St.  Thaddeus, 

94  Cape  Lopatka, 

95  Cape  Cambodia, 

96  Cape  Romania, 

97  Cape  Negrais, 

98  Cape  Comoriw, 

99  Cape  Rasalhad, 

100  Cape  Isolette, 

101  Isthmus  of  Kraw, 

102  Isthmus  of  Suez. 


MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 

103  Ural, 

104  Eonjakofski, 

105  Little  Altai, 

106  Stanovoi, 

107  Aldan, 

108  Khingan, 

109  Peling, 


AS 

lA. 

145 

110  Meling, 

148           TOONGOOSKA, 

111    KUENLUN, 

149    PlASINA, 

112  Himalaya, 

150  Khatanga. 

113            KUNCHINJ^NGA, 

151  Anabara, 

114  Beloor, 

152  Olenek, 

115  Tin  AN  Shan, 

153  Lena, 

116  Peshan  Volcano, 

154         ViTiM, 

117  Ghauts  Mountains, 

155        Aldan, 

I                 118  Hindoo  Koosh, 

156             Amga, 

1                 119  Elbrooz, 

157  Yana, 

'                  120        Demavend, 

158  Indighirka, 

1                  121  Ramleah, 

159  Kolyma, 

'                  122  SiNAi, 

160  Anadir, 

123  Taurus, 

161  Amoor, 

1 24         Ararat, 

162        Chikiri, 

125  Caucasus, 

163         Shilka, 

;                 126  Great  Desert  op  Gobi, 

164        Argoon, 

12*7  Sandy  Desert, 

165            SOONGARI, 

1                  128  Great  Sandy  Desert, 

166         OosooRi, 

129  Great  Salt  Desert, 

167  Pei-Ho, 

180  Desert  of  Akhaf. 

168  Hoang  Ho, 

169  Yangtse-KianG, 

170  Hong  Kiang, 

LAKES. 

171  Cambodia, 

172  Menam, 

131  Tchant, 

173  Salwin, 

132  Baikal, 

174  Ibrawaddt, 

133  Balkash, 

175  Brahmapootra, 

134  Zaisan  Nor, 

176  Ganges, 

1                 135  Lop  Nor, 

177        Jumna, 

1                 136  KoKO  Nor, 

178  Mahanuddt, 

1                           137    POTANG, 

179    GODATERY, 

138   TON-TINQ  Hoo, 

180  Kristnah, 

139  ZURRAH, 

140  Ooroomekyah. 

181  Nerbudda, 

182  Indus, 

183  SUTLEJ, 

184        Chenaub, 

RIVERS. 

185  Helmund, 

186  Tigris, 

141  Obi 

142  Irtish, 

187  Euphrates, 

188  KooR, 

143  ToBOL, 

144  Ishiv, 

189  Attruck, 

190  Ural, 

145  Yenisei, 

191  Sihon, 

146         Angara, 

192  Amoo, 

147            Selknga, 

193  Yarkakd, 

146 


ASIA. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE   MAP  OF  ASIA. 


Bound  Asia.  What  is  the  number  of  its  square 
miles  ?     Inhabitants  ? 

What  is  its  Latitude  ?     Longitude  ? 

In  what  zones  is  Asia  ?  With  what  grand  divisions 
is  it  connected  ?  * 

Name  its  poUtical  divisions.     Their  capitals. 

Which  division  extends  farthest  north  ?  South  ? 
East?    AVest? 

What  divisions  have  no  sea-coast  ? 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

What  ocean  north  of  Asia  ?  1.    East  ?  2.    South  ?  3. 

What  sea  between  Nova  Zembla  and  Siberia  ?  4. 

What  two  seas  east  of  Siberia?  9,  10. 

What  sea  east  of  Corea?  15.  West?  17.  South 
of  China?  20.  West  of  Hindostan ?  26.  Between 
Asia  and  Africa?  32.     West  of  Turkey  ?  34. 

What  three  seas  between  Asia  and  Europe  ?  36, 
37,  39. 

What  sea  north  of  the  Black  ?  38. 

What  sea  in  Independent  Tartary  ?  41. 

What  is  there  remarkable  in  respect  to  the  Caspian 
and  Aral  seas  ? 

Ans.  Large  rivers  flow  into  them,  but  no  outlets 
have  yet  been  discovered. 

What  three  gulfs  north  of  Siberia  ?  5-7. 

What  four  gulfs  on  the  east  ?  8,  11-13. 

What  bay  in  the  east  of  Japan  ?  16. 

What  gulf  south  of  China  ?  21. 

What  gulfs  south  of  Farther  India?  22,  23. 

What  bay  east  of  Hindostan  ?  24. 

What  gulfs  west  of  Hindostan?  27,  28. 

What  gulf  south  of  Beloochistan  ?  29. 

South  of  Persia?  30. 

South  of  Arabia?  31. 


STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 
What  strait  separates  Asia  from  North  America  ?  42. 
What  channel  east  of  Chinese  Tartary  ?  43. 
What  strait  between  the  Sea  of   Japan  and  the 
Sea  of  Yesso  ?  44. 


What  strait  between  Niphon  and  Yesso  ?  45. 

What  strait  south  of  Corea  ?  46.  East  of  China  ? 
47.  West  of  Malacca?  48.  South  of  Persia?  50. 
South  of  Arabia?  51. 


ISLANDS. 

What  islands  north  of  Siberia?  55-59.  East  of 
Kamtchatka  ?  60.  What  island  north-east  of  Chinese 
Tartary?  63. 

What  islands  east  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  ?  65,  66. 

What  islands  east  of  China  ?  67-72. 

What  island  south  of  China  ?  73. 

What  island  west  of  Malacca  ?  75. 

What  islands  west  of  Farther  India  ?  76-79. 

What  large  island  south  of  Hindostan  ?  80. 

What  groups  south-west  of  Hindostan  ?  81,  83. 


CAPES  AND  PENINSULAS. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Asia  ?  90. 

The  most  eastern  ?  92. 

What  cape  south  of  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  ? 
94.  East  of  the  gulf  of  Siam  ?  95.  South  of  Ma- 
lacca ?  96.     South  of  Burmah  in  Chin  India  ?  97. 

What  cape  south  of  Hindostan  ?  98. 

What  isthmus  unites  Asia  to  Africa?  .102. 

What  penins.ula  east  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ?  88. 


MOUNTAINS  AND  DESERTS. 

What  mountains  between  Asia  and  Europe  ?  103. 
Siberia  and  Chinese  Tartary  ?  105,  106. 

What  mountains  and  deserts  in  Chinese  Tartary  ? 
108,  115,  126,  127. 

What  mountains  in  China?  109,  110.  North  of 
Thibet?  111.     North  of  Hindostan?  112. 

What  mountains  and  desert  in  Persia?  119,  129. 

What  mountains  and  desert  in  Arabia?  121,  130. 

What  mountain  near  the  isthmus  of  Suez  ?  122. 

What  mountains  in  Turkey  ?  123. 


'  See  Map  of  Hemispheres. 


ASIA. 


147 


LAKES. 
"What  two  lakes  in  Siberia?  131,  132. 
What  lakes  in  Chinese  Tartary  ?  133-136. 
What  lake  in  Afghanistan  ?  139. 
What  lake  in  Persia?  140. 


RIVERS. 

What  rivers  flow  from  Siberia  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean?  141,  145,  149-153,  157-159. 

Mention  the  tributaries  of  the  Obi.  142-144.  Of 
the  Yenesei.  14G-148.     Of  the  Lena.  154-156. 


What  river  flows  into  the  Channel  of  Tartary  ?  161. 

What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  China?  167-170. 
Of  Farther  India?  171-175. 

What  rivers  from  Hindostan  flow  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  ?  176,  178-180. 

What  into  the  Arabian  Sea  ?  181,  182. 

What  river  flows  into  Lake  Zurrah  ?  185. 

What  rivers  of  Turkey  flow  into  the  Persian  Gulf  ? 
186,  187. 

What  river  between  Independent  Tartary  and  Rus- 
sia ?  190. 

What  two  rivers  flow  into  the  Sea  of  Aral?  191, 
192. 


DESCEIPTIYE    GEOGEAPHY. 


Asia  is  tlie  largest  and  most  populous 
grand  division  of  the  globe,  containing  about 
16,000,000  square  miles,  and  650,000,000  in- 
habitants. 

It  contains  immense  plains  and  elevated 
plateaus,  traversed  by  lofty  mountains.  It 
has  large  inland  seas,  or  lakes,  and  numer- 
ous rivers. 

Asia  is  distinguished  for  its  delicious  fruits, 
iragrant  spices,  and  medicinal  drugs.  Rice, 
the  vine,  the  tea-jDlant  and  many  of  the 
fruits  of  the  torrid  zone,  are  extensively  cul- 
tivated. 

It  is  rich  in  gold,  diamonds  and  other 
precious  gems.  Silver,  copper,  iron,  tin  and 
lead  are  also  found. 

The  elephant,  rhinoceros,  lion,  tiger,  bear 
and  other  wild  animals  are  numerous.  All 
the  domestic  animals  are  found.  In  the 
southern  part,  insects  and  reptiles  are  abund- 
ant— also  birds  of  splendid  plumage. 

The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Caucasian, 
Mongol-Tartar,  Malayan  and  Ethiopian  fam- 
ilies. 


The  Caucasian  occupies  the  western  part; 
the  Mongol-Tartar,  the  northern  and  eastern ; 
the  Malay  tribes,  the  whole  of  Malaysia ;  and 
the  Ethiopian,  Ceylon,  Borneo,  Sumatra, 
Timor  and  many  other  islands. 

Almost  every  nation  has  its  learned  men, 
yet  the  great  mass  are  deplorably  ignorant 
and  superstitious.  The  women  are  very  de- 
graded, and  often  treated  like  slaves. 

Agriculture  is  pursued  in  some  parts  of 
Asia  with  great  care,  but  not  with  the  same 
skill  as  in  Europe.  The  arts  and  manufac- 
tures are  in  an  imperfect  state,  though  the 
most  superb  silks  and  shawls  in  the  world 
are  manufactured  in  Asia. 

The  religion  is  mostly  Pagan  and  Moham- 
medan ;  far  the  greatest  number  of  people 
are  Pagan. 

Asia  formerly  contained  the  most  wealthy 
and  enlightened  nations  of  the  world,  and 
was  the  seat  of  the  powerful  empires  of  As- 
syria, Babylonia  and  Persia. 

It  has  been  the  theatre  of  the  greatest 
events  that  ever  transpired  on  our  globe. 


148 


ASIA. 


Tower  near  Babylon. 


Here  man  was  created  and  placed  in  «the 
garden  of  Eden — here  he  sinned  and  brought 
death  into  the  world — here  the  patriarchs 
and  prophets  dwelt — and  here,  too,  was  the 
scene  of  the  birth,  crucifixion,  and  ascension 
of  Christ,  the  Eedeemer  of  mankind. 

Questions.  What  is  the  size  of  Asia  ?  Mention 
its  natural  characteristics.  For  what  is  it  distin- 
guished? In  what  is  it  rich?  What  animals  are 
found  ?  Who  inhabit  it  ?  What  is  their  character  ? 
What  is  said  of  agriculture  and  the  arts  ?  Religion  ? 
What  did  Asia  formerly  contain?  What  has  trans- 
pired here  ? 


1.     SIBERIA. 

Square  miles,  5,000,000.     Population,  3,000,000. 
Siberia  is  a  vast  country  occupying  the 
northern  part  of  Asia,   and  subject  to  the 
Russian  government. 


It  is  one  immense  plain,  abounding  with 
numerous  marshes  and  large  rivers. 

The  northern  portion  is  excessively  cold, 
scarcely  admitting  of  cultivation.  The  south- 
ern abounds  with  extensive  forests,  and  pro- 
duces grain  and  potatoes. 

The  mountainous  sections  are  rich  in  mines 
of  gold,  silver,  iron,  platina,  and  in  precious 
stones. 

Bears,  sables,  ermines,  beavers,  lynxes  and 
marmots  are  numerous,  furnishing  valuable 
skins  and  furs  for  export.  The  reindeer, 
sheep  and  dog  are  the  principal  domestic 
animals. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  wandering  na- 
tive tribes,  and  exiles,  who  have  been  ban- 
ished from  Russia  for  crime.  Hunting  and 
mining  are  their  chief  employments. 

Numerous  bones  of  the  mammoth,  elephant 
and  other  animals  of  the  torrid  zone,    are 


ASIA. 


Traveling  in  Siberia. 


found  on  the  banks  of  tlie  rivers,  and  shores 
of  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

Tobolsk,  the  capital  of  West  Siberia,  is 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Irtish  and 
Tobol  rivers.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  strong 
brick  wall,  and  the  streets  are  mostly  paved 
with  wood. 

Irhootsh,  the  residence  of  the  governor  of 
East  Siberia,  is  situated  on  the  Angara,  thirty 
miles  from  lake  Baikal.  It  has  several  pub- 
lic buildings  and  numerous  schools,  and  is  a 
place  of  considerable  commerce. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Siberia  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  Where  does  Siberia  lie,  and  to  whom  is 
it  subject  ?  What  is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Climate 
and  productions  ?  Mines  ?  Animals  ?  Inhabitants  ? 
Bones  of  the  Mammoth,  &c.  ?     Tobolsk  ?     Irkootsk  ? 


CHINESE  EMPIRE. 
Square  miles,  5,000,000.     Population,  400,000,000. 

The  Chinese  Empire  is  an  immense  terri- 
tory, stretching  from  the  center  to  the  east- 
ern extremities  of  Asia,  and  occupying  near- 
ly a  third  of  its  surface. 

It  is  the  most  populous  empire  in  the 
world,  and  comprises  Chinese  Tartary,  China, 
Corea,  Thibet,  and  numerous  islands. 

The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  Em- 
peror is  styled  the  "Son  of  Heaven,"  and 
the  "  Father  of  his  people." 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  the  Chi- 
nese Empire  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Describe  it  ?  What  is 
its  government  ?    What  is  the  Emperor  styled  ? 


150 


ASIA 


2.     CHINESE  TARTARY. 

This  extensive  country  consists  chieflj  of 
elevated  table  land,  abounding  with  deserts 
and  mountain  ranges,  and  is  better  adapted 
to  grazing  than  to  tillage. 

The  inhabitants  lead  a  roving  life,  and 
raise  large  numbers  of  horses  and  cattle. 

It  is  divided  into  the  following  provinces, 
commencing  on  the  east,  Mantchooria,  Mon- 
golia, Soongaria  and  Toorkistan.  The  last 
is  the  most  thickly  settled. 

Yarkand  is  the  present  capital  of  Chi- 
nese Toorkistan.  It  is  enclosed  by  an  earth- 
em  rampart,  and  its  houses  are  built  of  stone 
and  clay,  mostly  of  one  story.  It  is  the  chief 
emporium  of  trade  between  the  Chinese 
Empire  and  the  countries  west. 

Kashgar,  the  former  capital  of  Toorkistan, 
is  a  city  of  considerable  importance.  It  has 
manufactures  of  cotton  goods,  and  articles  of 
gold  and  jasper. 

Questions.  Describe  Chinese  Tartary.  Its  inhab- 
itants. How  is  it  divided  ?  Describe  Yarkand. 
Kashgar. 


3.     COREA. 

Square  miles,  80,000.    Population,  18,000,000. 

The  peninsula  of  Corea  is  traversed  by 
mountains  ;  the  climate  is  cold.  The  soil  is 
generally  fertile,  and  the  productions  are 
barley  in  the  north  ;  wheat,  cotton,  rice,  mil- 
let and  hemp  in  the  south. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron,  rock  salt  and 
coal  are  found. 

KiNGKiTAO,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the 
Kiang  river  near  the  center  of  the  kingdom. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Corea  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface  and  soil  ? 
Productions  ?    Minerals  ?    Kingkitao  ? 


4.     CHINA. 
Square  miles,  1,298,000.     Population,  367,633,000. 

China  proper  is  a  large  country  in  the 
south-east  of  Asia. 

It  is  mountainous  in  the  interior  and  west- 
ern parts,  and  slopes  gradually  toward  the 
shore. 

The  climate  is  cold  in  the  north,  and  more 
mild  in  the  south,  though  all  parts  are  sub- 
ject to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

The  soil  is  fertile,  especially  in  its  rich 
alluvial  plains,  and  cultivated  with  great 
care.  The  most  noted  product  is  tea.  Eice, 
cotton,  wheat,  barley  and  potatoes  are  also 
extensively  raised. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  iron  and  coal  are 
found  to  some  extent. 

The  Chinese  excel  in  the  manufacture  of 
silk  and  porcelain.  Teas,  silks  and  China 
ware  are  the  principal  exports. 

China  has  a  very  dense  population,  and  is 
remarkable  for  the  great  antiquity  of  its  gov- 
ernment, and  the  peculiarity  of  its  customs. 

The  inhabitants  are  mild,  intelligent  and 
industrious.  Learned  men  are  highly  es- 
teemed, and  much  attention  is  paid  to  edu- 
cation. The  religion  of  the  Chinese  is  Pa- 
gan. 

The  Chinese  wall  is  the  most  stupendous 
in  the  world,  and  was  built  2000  years  since, 
as  a  defense  against  the  Tartars.  It  is  1,500 
miles  in  length,  twenty  or  thirty  feet  high, 
and  sufficiently  wide  for  six  horsemen  to 
ride  abreast. 

Peking,  the  capital  city  of  China,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  sandy  plain  a  hundred  miles  from 
the  Yellow  Sea.  It  consists  of  two  contig- 
uous cities,  separately  inclosed  by  lofty  walls. 
The  northern,  or  imperial  city,  is  occupied 
by  the  Tartars,  and  contains  several  public 
buildings    and    magnificent  temples.     The 


ASIA. 


151 


The  great  Chinese  Wall. 


southem,  or  Chinese  city,  contains  the  larg- 
est number  of  inhabitants.  Its  entire  circuit 
is  twenty-five  miles.  It  has  considerable 
trade  and  manufactures. 

Canton  is  the  greatest  commercial  city  in 
China.  It  has  a  large  foreign  trade,  and  ex- 
ports immense  quantities  of  tea.  Thousands 
of  its  inhabitants  live  in  boats  upon  the  riv- 
er. Nanking,  a  large  city  and  the  ancient 
capital  of  southern  China,  is  situated  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang, 
about  ninety  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has 
important  manufactures  of  crape,  satin,  Nan- 
keen cloths,  artificial  flowers  and  Indian  ink. 
It  contains  the  celebrated  porcelain  tower, 
which  was  built  in  the  fifteenth  century  at  a 
cost  of  over  $35,000,000. 

The  principal  Chinese  islands  are  Hainan 
and  Formosa.  Large  quantities  of  rice,  with 
camphor,  maize,  salt,  sulphur,  fruits  and  tim- 
ber, are  exported  from  the  latter. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  China  ? 
"What  is  its  population  ?  How  is  it  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface  ?  What  is  the  climate  and  soil  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  productions  ?    Minerals  ?      Man- 


ufacture  of  silk  and  porcelain  ?  Of  exports  ?  For 
what  is  China  remarkable  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its 
inhabitants?  Learned  men?  Rehgion?  The  Chi- 
nese wall  ?    Describe  Peking.     Canton.    Nanking. 


5.    THIBET. 

Square  miles,  723,000.     Population,  8,000,000. 

Thibet  occupies  the  southern  portion  of 
the  great  table  land  of  central  Asia,  and  is 
walled  in  by  lofty  mountains. 

It  has  a  cold,  dry,  healthful  climate.  The 
soil  is  poor,  and  the  vegetable  productions 
are  very  few. 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  productions.  Gold, 
silver,  iron  and  salt  are  abundant. 

There  are  large  numbers  of  cattle  and 
sheep.  A  kind  of  goat  furnishes  a  very  fine 
hair  for  the  manufacture  of  cashmere  shawls. 

Lassa  is  the  capital.  The  grand  lama 
resides  here,  and  has  a  magnificent  temple 
near  the  city,  which  is  constantly  thronged 
with  multitudes  of  worshipers. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  of 
Thibet    Population.    How  is  Thibet  situated  ?    By 


152 


ASIA. 


what  is  it  walled  in  ?  "What  is  its  surface,  climate 
and  soil  ?  Minerals  ?  What  do  the  goats  furnish  ? 
What  is  said  of  Lassa  ? 


6.    EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN. 

Square  miles,  160,000.     Population,  30,000,000. 

This  empire  includes  the  islands  of  Yesso, 
Niphou  and  Kioosioo,  with  several  small 
adjacent  islands. 

The  surface  is  generally  uneven.  The 
coasts  of  the  larger  islands  are  extremely 
irregular,  having  numerous  bays  and  gulfs. 

It  has  a  changeable  climate  and  fertile  soil, 
producing  in  abundance,  rice,  cotton,  sugar, 
wheat,  tea  and  the  finest  fruits. 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  lead,  iron  and 
coal  abound. 

Buffaloes  and  zebus  are  common,  and 
used  for  agricultural  purposes.  Horses  are 
small  but  excellent,  and  are  used  only  by  the 
nobility.  There  is  a  great  variety  of  birds 
and  insects. 

The  Japanese  belong  to  the  Mongol  race. 
They  are  divided  into  eight  classes,  prin- 
ces, nobles,  priests,  soldiers,  civil  officers, 
merchants,  artisans  and  laborers.  Many  of 
them  are  very  intelligent.  They  are  skilled 
in  agriculture  and  manufactures.  Females 
|»  are  treated  witb  great  respect. 

The  government  is  an  absolute  hereditary 
monarchy.  Their  religion  consists  chiefly  in 
the  worship  of  departed  spirits  of  good  men. 

Yeddo,  the  capital,  is  one  of  the  most 
populous  cities.  The  houses  are  usually  of 
one  story,  but  it  contains  many  palaces. 

Questions.  What  number  of  square  miles  has  the 
Empire  of  Japan  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  does  it  in- 
clude ?  What  is  said  of  the  climate,  soil  and  produc- 
tions ?  Of  Minerals  ?  Animals  ?  The  Inhabitants  ? 
How  are  females  treated?  In  what  consists  their  re- 
ligion ?    Describe  Yeddo. 


INDIA. 

India  is  an  extensive  and  populous  coun- 
try, embracing  Chin-India  on  the  east,  and 
Hindostan  on  the  west. 

It  is  distinguished  by  its  numerous  rivers, 
fertile  soil,  and  luxuriant  vegetation ;  and  is 
rich  in  gold,  diamonds  and  other  precious 
stones. 

Lofty  and  beautiful  forests  are  numerous. 
Some  of  these  are  rendered  almost  impene- 
trable by  vines  and  shrubs,  and  are  called 
jungles. 

The  elephant,  tiger,  lion,  panther,  leopard, 
hyena,  and  rhinoceros  abound — also  birds  of 
beautiful  plumage,  and  swarms  of  insects. 

Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  superstitious 
pagans,  and  exceedingly  degraded. 

Questions.  What  is  India  ?  By  what  is  it  distin- 
guished ?  In  what  is  it  rich  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
forests  ?  What  animals  are  found?  Describe  its  in- 
habitants. 


7.    FARTHER  INDIA. 
Square  miles,  1,000,000.     Population,  22,000,000. 

Farther  India,  or  India  beyond  the  Gan- 
ges, is  situated  between  the  bay  of  Bengal 
and  China  Sea. 

Four  parallel  mountain  chains  traverse 
this  region,  from  north  to  south,  bounding 
the  great  basins  of  its  principal  rivers. 

It  contains  many  rich  valleys,  yielding  a 
variety  of  vegetable  products. 

The  climate  is  healthful.  Agriculture  is 
in  a  backward  state.  Kice  is  the  principal 
product. 

Maize,  cotton,  sugar-cane,  ginger  and 
tropical  fruits  are  raised  to  some  extent. 

In  some  parts  of  Farther  India,  gold,  silver, 
iron  and  copper  are  found. 

Farther  India  comprises  the  empires  of 


ASIA. 


163 


Anam  and  Burmah,  the  kingdom  of  Siam, 
the  peninsula  of  Malacca,  and  the  British 


Anam  extends  from  China  and  the  Gulf 
of  Tonquin,  to  the  Gulf  of  Siara,  and  in- 
cludes Tonquin,  Cochin  China,  Champa,  and 
the  east  portion  of  Cambodia. 

Burmah  occupies  the  western  part  of  the 
peninsula,  extending  from  China  to  the  Gulf 
of  Martaban. 

Siam  occupies  the  center  of  the  peninsula, 
lying  between  the  empires  of  Anam  and 
Burmah. 

Malacca  is  the  most  southern  portion  of 
Continental  Asia,  lying  between  the  China 
Sea  and  the  Strait  of  Malacca.  It  was  for- 
merly an  independent  territory,  but  is  now 
divided  between  European  powers  and  the 
king  of  Siam. 

•  The  British  possessions  embrace  a  section 
of  country  on  the  east  and  north  of  the  Gulf 
of  Martaban,  the  southern  portion  of  Malac- 
ca, and  the  island  of  Singapore. 

Hue,  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  Anam, 
is  situated  on  the  Hue  river,  ten  miles  from 
the  China  Sea.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls 
mounting  numerous  cannon,  and  its  fortress 
is  considered  the  strongest  in  Asia. 

Bangkok,  the  capital  of  Siam,  is  situated 
on  both  banks  of  the  river  Menam,  twenty 
miles  above  its  mouth.  It  has  manufactures 
of  tin  and  iron  wares,  and  leather,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  commercial  cities  in  Asia. 

MoNCHOBOO  has  recently  become  the  cap- 
ital of  the  Burman  Empire. 

Singapore^  situated  on  the  south  side  of  the 
island  of  the  same  name,  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal commercial  emporiums  of  the  east.  It 
.  has  an  extensive  trade  with  eastern  and 
southern  Asia,  Great  Britain,  France,  and  the 
United  States.  The  port  is  free  to  vessels  of 
all  kinds  and  nations. 


Questions,  "What  is  the  extent  of  Farther  India  ? 
Population  ?  How  is  Farther  India  situated  ?  What 
is  said  of  its  surface  ?  Soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ? 
Minerals  ?  "What  does  it  comprise  ?  Describe  Anam. 
Burmah.  Siam.  Malacca.  British  Possessions. 
Hue.     Bangkok.     Monchoboo.     Singapore. 


8.    HINDOSTAN. 
Square  miles,  1,280,000.     Population,  150,000,000. 

Hindostan  comprises  the  great  central  pe- 
ninsula of  Southern  Asia.  It  consists  of  a 
vast  plain  in  the  north,  and  high  plateaus 
bounded  by  mountains  in  the  south.  Its  soil 
is  very  fertile. 

The  climate  in  the  northern  part  is  mild 
and  agreeable.  In  the  southern,  it  is  op- 
pressively hot  and  often  unhealthy. 

Eice,  sugar,  tobacco,  opium,  cotton,  silk, 
indigo  and  various  kinds  of  grain  and  spices, 
are  the  vegetable  productions.  The  most 
delicious  fruits  grow  spontaneously. 

One  of  the  remarkable  vegetable  curiosi- 
ties of  Hindostan,  is  the  Banian,  or  Indian 
fig  tree.  Its  limbs  send  downward  to  the 
earth  numerous  shoots,  which  take  root  and 
become  large  trunks.  One  tree  will  some- 
times form  a  grove  large  enough  to  shade 
several  thousand  persons. 

Its  minerals  are  gold,* iron,  coal,  diamonds 
and  other  precious  stones. 

The  Hindoos  have  excelled  in  a  few  man- 
ufactures ;  the  embroidered  shawls  of  the 
province  of  Cashmere  being  unrivaled. 

The  population  is  dense,  and  divided  into 
castes,  which  never  associate  or  intermarry 
with  each  other.  In  some  districts  the  in- 
habitants are  intelligent  and  industrious,  in 
others,  ignorant  and  extremely  degraded. 

Their  religion  is  paganism.  They  wor- 
ship many  thousands  of  deities — also  the 
river  Ganges,  and  various  animals. 


164 


ASIA. 


^•^^ 


The  Banian  Tree. 


The  Britisli  Government  has  the  control 
of  the  larger  portion  of  the  country. 

The  British  also  possess  Ceylon,  a  beautiful 
and  fertile  island,  abounding  with  fruits  and 
spices,  and  valuable*  for  its  pearl  fisheries. 

Calcutta,  the  capital  and  largest  city  in 
Hindostan,  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and 
is  thronged  with  persons  from  all  parts  of 
the  globe. 

Bombay,  the  capital  of  Western  British 
India,  though  inferior  to  Calcutta  and  Ma- 
dras, has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  the 
chief  Indian  port,  connected  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  steam  navigation  between  India 
and  Great  Britain. 

Madras  is  situated  on  a  sandy  shore  on  the 


eastern  coast.  It  has  no  harbor,  but  is  a 
place  of  extensive  trade.  Benares  is  a 
wealthy  city,  situated  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Ganges.  It  is  the  holy  city  of  the 
Hindoos,  and  contains  numerous  mosques 
and  temples.  It  is  famous  for  its  trade  in 
diamonds. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Hindos- 
tan ?  Inhabitants  ?  "Where  is  it  situated  ?  What 
is  the  surface  of  Hindostan  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
the  soil  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ?  Banian  tree  ? 
Minerals  ?  Manufactures  ?  Population  ?  Religion  ? 
What  objects  are  worshiped  ?  Who  control  most  of 
the  country?  Describe  Ceylon.  Calcutta.  Bom- 
bay.   Madras.    Benares. 


ASIA. 


155 


9.    BELOOCHISTAN. 

Square  mUes,  160,000.     Population,  2,000,000. 

Beloochistan  lies  west  of  Hindostan,  and 
extends  six  hundred  miles  on  tlie  shore  of 
the  Arabian  sea. 

It  is  a  mountainous  country,  covered  chief- 
ly with  barren  wastes,  and  thinly  populated. 

The  climate  is  various,  being  cold  in  the 
elevated  parts,  and  excessively  hot  in  the  val- 
leys. In  the  low  and  watered  plains,  rice, 
sugar-cane,  cotton,  indigo  and  tobacco  are 
raised:  in  other  parts,  wheat,  barley  and 
fruits  are  the  principal  products. 

The  government  is  despotic,  and  the  relig- 
ion, Mohammedan. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Belochees  and 
Brahoees.  The  Belochees  are  a  warlike  race, 
living  by  plunder.  The  Brahoees  are  mild, 
peaceful,  and  subsist  on  their  cattle. 

Kelat  is  the  principal  city  and  capital. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Beloo- 
chistan ?  Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  De- 
scribe it.  Climate.  Productions.  Government  and 
religion.     The  inhabitants.    Name  its  chief  city. 


10.    AFGHANISTAN. 

Square  miles,  800,000.     Population,    5,000,000. 

Afghanistan  lies  directly  north  of  Beloo- 
chistan, which  it  resembles  in  surface  and  soil. 
The  summits  of  the  mountains  are  often 
covered  with  snow,  while  the  valleys  in 
summer  are  extremely  hot.  It  is  inhabited 
by  various  tribes,  of  which  the  Afghans  are 
the  chief,  and  of  a  brave  character. 

Arts  and  manufactures  are  in  a  backward 
state. 

Cabool,  the  capital,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  the  Cabool  river  in  a  fertile  plain,  and  has 
a  delightful  climate  and  active  trade. 

Herat  is  important  for  its  manufactures 
and  trade. 


Questions.  What  is  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Afghanistan?  Population?  Describe  Afghanistan. 
Its  inhabitants.  CabooL  Herat  is  important  for 
what  ? 


11.    PERSIA 

Square  miles,  450,000.     Population,  10,000,000. 

Persia  extends  from  the  Caspian  Sea  to 
the  Persian  Gulf  It  consists  of  an  exten- 
sive central  plateau,  encircled  by  mountain- 
chains  on  three  of  its  sides.  These  with  vast 
salt  or  sandy  deserts,  and  long,  arid  valleys 
destitute  of  streams,  are  the  most  striking 
characteristics  of  Persia. 

The  climate  is  subject  to  extremes  of  heat 
and  cold ;  only  in  the  vales  is  the  soil  fertile. 

Silk  of  the  finest  quality,  grains,  rice,  to- 
bacco, cotton,  wines  and  fruits  are  the  chief 
products. 

Agriculture  receives  comparatively  little 
attention.  The  most  elegant  silks,  shawls, 
carpets  and  porcelain  are  manufactured. 

The  Persians  are  a  handsome,  active  and 
warlike  people. 

Pastoral  tribes,  or  shepherds,  who  fre- 
quently plunder  the  more  fertile  tracts,  in- 
habit the  mountainous  districts. 

In  ancient  times  Persia  was  one  of  the 
most  powerful  empires  of  the  East,  but  its 
power  and  influence  have  been  much  reduc- 
ed.    The  sovereign  is  an  absolute  despot. 

Teheran,  the  capital,  is  strongly  fortified, 
and  has  an  unhealthy  site.  It  has  manufac- 
tures of  carpets  and  iron  goods. 

Ispahan  is  a  populous  city,  with  a  beauti- 
ful situation.  Beshd  is  a  seaport  on  the  Cas- 
pian Sea. 

Questions.  Give  the  number  of  square  miles  in 
Persia.  Inhabitants.  What  are  its  striking  charac- 
teristics ?  Climate  ?  Chief  products  ?  What  is  said 
of  agriculture  and  manufactures?  The  Persians? 
Pastoral  tribes  ?  Persia  in  ancient  times  ?  Govern- 
ment?   Teheran?     Ispahan?    Eeshdf 


156 


A  S  I  A  . 


Mecca. 


12.    ARABIA. 

Square  miles,  834,000.     Population,  10,000,000. 

Arabia  occupies  a  large  peninsula  in  the 
south-west  of  Asia. 

It  consists  chiefly  of  broken  mountains 
and  sandy  plains,  or  deserts,  interspersed 
with  fertile  spots;  and  is  almost  destitute 
of  streams  of  water. 

The  mountainous  districts  are  temperate — 
the  plains  are  excessively  hot,  and  subject  to 
a  pestilential  wind,  called  the  Sirocco. 

In  the  fertile  regions,  coffee  and  fragrant 
spices  are  abundant.  Dates,  oranges,  figs 
and  melons  grow  spontaneously,  and  furnish 
the  people  with  much  of  their  food. 

The  Arabian  horse  is  fleet  and  beautiful. 
The  camel  is  the  most  useful  animal.  The 
Arabs  are  proud,  active,  intelligent  and  hos- 
pitable to  their  guests,  but  rob  all  whom  they 
meet  in  the  desert. 

The  Arabs  are  Mohammedans,  and  pre- 
serve the  patriarchal  form  of  government. 

The  Bedouins  are  a  wandering  tribe,  who 


live  in  the  deserts  and  dwell  in  tents.  They 
subsist  principally  on  vegetables  and  the 
milk  of  their  camels  and  as.ses. 

The  pearl  banks,  in  the  Persian  gulf,  give 
employment  to  nearly  thirty  thousand  men. 

Mecca,  the  birth  place  of  Mohammed,  is 
considered  a  sacred  city,  and  resorted  to  by 
vast  numbers  of  pilgrims. 

Medina  contains  the  tomb  of  Mohammed, 
inclosed  by  magnificent  mos(j^ues.  It  is  called 
the  "  City  of  the  Prophet."  Mocha  is  the 
center  of  trade  with  Europe,  and  exports 
large  quantities  of  coffee.  Muscat^  a  seaport 
on  the  Indian  ocean,  is  the  grand  emporium 
of  Eastern  Arabia,  and  a  key  to  the  entrance 
of  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Questions,  How  many  square  miles  in  Arabia  ? 
Inhabitants  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  Of  what  does 
it  consist  ?  What  is  the  soil  ?  Climate  ?  Name  the 
products.  What  is  said  of  the  horse  ?  Camel  ?  De- 
cribe  the  Arabs.  What  is  their  religion  and  govern- 
ment? The  Bedouins.  What  can  you  say  of  the 
pearl  fisheries  ?   Mecca  ?   Medina  ?   Mocha  ?  Muscat  ? 


ASIA. 


157 


Mount  Tabor. 


13.    TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 

Square  miles,  538,000.     Population,  10,000,000. 

Turkey  in  Asia  extends  from  Arabia  to 
t"he  Black  sea,  and  embraces  Asia  Minor  and 
Syria. 

It  is  remarkable  for  having  been  the  seat 
of  the  most  thrilling  occurrences  recorded  in 
the  Sacred  Scriptures. 

It  is  still  an  interesting  country,  and  con- 
tains the  ruins  of  the  mighty  Babylon,  of 
Nineveh,  Balbec  and  Jerusalem. 

It  consists  of  two  plateaus  and  an  exten- 
sive plain.  The  larger  plateau  occupies  the 
whole  of  its  northern  portion,  and  has  an 
elevation  of  from  four  to  five  thousand  feet ; 
the  other  includes  Syria  and  Palestine,  and 
lies  to  the  east  of  the  Mediterranean.  The 
plain  forms  the  lower  basin  of  the  Euphrates 
and  Tigris. 


The  soil  and  climate  present  many  varie- 
ties. The  river  banks  and  valleys  are  very 
fertile,  but  in  the  south  are  vast  arid  plains, 
and  but  few  productions.  The  summits  of 
the  mountains  are  covered  with  snow,  while 
the  valleys  have  a  tropical  climate,  and  pro- 
duce the  fruits  of  Southern  Asia. 

The  chief  products  are  grain,  cotton,  coffee 
and  tobacco. 

Asiatic  Turkey  once  was  the  seat  of  pow- 
erful empires.  It  has  been  conquered  by 
one  nation  after  another,  and  is  now  subject 
to  the  Turks. 

The  inhabitants  are  ignorant  and  barbar- 
ous. They  comprise  a  motley  assemblage 
of  Jews,  Arabs,  Moors,  Tartars,  Greeks, 
Turks,  Armenians,  &c. 

Syria  is  a  country  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
bounded  south  by  Arabia,  and  west  by  the 


156 


.SIA. 


Mediterranean,  and  a  large  part  of  it  is  very 
productive.  The  southern  part  of  Syria  is 
called  Palestine.  ^ 

Jerusalem,  the  capital  of  ancient  Pales- 
tine, is  celebrated  as  the  "  Holy  City"  of  the 
Jews,  and  the  scene  of  many  important 
events  recorded  in  Scripture.  It  retains  few 
traces  of  its  ancient  grandeur,  except  the 
foundation  stones  of  some  of  its  walls,  and 
the  remains  of  arches,  aqueducts  and  subter- 
ranean passage  ways. 

Smymn  is  the  most  populous  city  of  Tur- 
key, and  has  an  extensive  trade  and  com- 
merce. Damascus  is  celebrated  for  its  anti- 
quity, and  the  fineness  of  its  manufactures. 
A  highly  fertile  and  beautiful  country  sur- 
rounds it. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Turkey 
in  Asia  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  its  situation  ?  What 
does  it  embrace  ?  For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  What 
is  its  surface,  climate  and  soil  ?  Its  chief  products  ? 
Of  what  was  it  once  the  seat  ?  Describe  the  inhabit- 
ants. Syria.  What  can  you  say  of  Jerusalem? 
Smyrna  ?    Damascus  ? 


15.     GEORGIA. 
Square  miles,  28,800.     Population,  300,000. 

Georgia  is  usually  employed  to  designate 
the  whole  territory  claimed  by  the  Eussians, 
between  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas,  and 
south  of  the  Caucasus  mountains. 

The  central  part  is  occupied  by  a  large  and 
fertile  valley,  having  a  mild  and  healthful 
climate. 

The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  very  fertile,  pro- 
ducing maize,  hemp,  flax,  great  quantities  of 
wine  and  cotton,  and  also  fine  fruits. 

The  natives  are  distinguished  for  their  fine 
forms,  and  for  the  beauty  of  the  women. 


The   Georgians  belong  nominally  to  the 

Greek  Church. 

TiFLis,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  narrow 
valley  on  the  Koor.  It  is  the  residence  of 
the  Eussian  governor,  and  is  defended  by 
waUs  and  several  forts. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Georgia  ?  Pop- 
ulation ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What  is  its  surface  ? 
Soil  ?  Productions  ?  For  what  are  the  natives  dis- 
tinguished ?    What  is  said  of  their  religion  ?     Tiflis  ? 


16.     INDEPENDENT  TOORKISTAN. 

Square  miles,  720,800.     Population,  4,000,000. 

Independent  Toorkistan  extends  from  Chi- 
nese Tartary  to  the  Caspian  sea,  occupying 
the  central  portions  of  Asia. 

It  has  an  elevated  surface,  a  mild  climate, 
and  abounds  with  vast  deserts. 

The  southern  part  of  Independent  Toor- 
kistan is  called  Bokhara,  and  is  far  the  most 
fertile  and  best  cultivated  section.  It  was 
formerly  the  seat  of  a  powerful  empire. 

The  principal  productions  are  cotton,  silk, 
wool,  maize  and  fruits. 

Yarious  independent  roving  tribes  inhabit 
it,  some  of  whom  subsist  by  agriculture,  but 
more  on  their  flocks.  They  are  generally 
Mohammedans. 

Bokhara,  the  capital  of  the  Khanat  of 
Bokhara,  is  situated  in  a  flat  country,  em- 
bosomed among  the  hills,  and  is  enclosed  by 
earthern  ramparts.  It  has  long  been  famous 
as  a  seat  of  Mohammedan  learning. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  in  Independ- 
ent Toorkistan  ?  Inhabitants  ?  What  is  the  surface 
and  climate  ?  What  abound  ?  What  can  you  say 
of  Bokhara  ?  Where  is  it  situated  ?  What  are  the 
principal  productions  of  Toorkistan?  Who  inhabit 
it  ?    How  do  they  live  ?  Describe  the  city  of  Bokhara. 


GOVERNMENT   AND    RELIGION. 

ASIA. 

AFEIC  A. 

States. 

Form  of  Government. 

Religion. 

States. 

Form  of  Government.          Religion. 

Afghanistan, 

Absolute  Monarchy ; 

Abyssinia, 

Absolute  Monarchy,        Corrupt  Chris. 

divided    into    three 

Adel  &  Ajan, 

Absolute  Monarchy,        Pagan  &  Mo. 

chief-ships, 

Mohammedan. 

Algiers, 
Barca, 

Subject  to  France,           Mohammedan. 
Subject  to  Turkey,          Mohammedan. 

Arabia, 

Independent  Chiefs, 

Mohammedan. 

Bosjesman's  Coun-                                                       •         II 

Beloochistan, 

Absolute  Monarchy ; 

trt, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 

ruled  by  a  Khan, 

Mohammedan. 

Cape  Colony, 

Subject  to  Gt.  Britain,     Protestant. 

China, 

Absolute  Monarchy, 

Pagan. 

CiMBEBAS, 

Egypt, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 
Absolute  Monarchy,        Mohammedan. 

Chinese  Tartart,  Absolute  Monarchy ; 

Ethiopia, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 

chiefly  subj.  to  China 

Pagan. 

Fezzan, 

Absolute;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Mohammedan. 

COREA, 

Subject  to  China, 

Pagan. 

Hottentot 

Farther  India, 

Absolute  Monarchy ;  a 

Country, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan  &  Prot. 

portion    subject  to 

Kaffraria, 

Partly  subject  to  Great 

Great  Britain, 

Pagan, 

Britain,  and  partly  ab- 

solute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 

Georgia, 

Subject  to  Russia, 

Greek  Church. 

Liberia, 

Republic,                         Protestant. 

HiNDOSTAN, 

Mostly  subject  to  Great 

Lower  Guinea, 

Absolute  ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 

Britain,    but    partly 

Madagascar, 

Absolute  Monarchy,        Pagan. 

absolute. 

Pagan. 

Morocco, 

Absolute  Monarchy,        Mohammedan. 

Independent 

MOZAMBIQUK, 

Absolute;  (Ind.  ChiefsJ 
subject  to  Portugal,     Pagan. 

TOORKISTAN, 

Absolute  Monarchy; 

Natal, 

Colony  of  Gt.  Britain,     Pagan. 

governed  by  Inde- 

Nubia, 

Subject  to  Egypt,            Mohammedan. 

pendent  Chiefs, 

Mohammedan. 

Seneqambia, 

Absolute  Monarchy,        Pagan  &  Mo. 

1    Japan, 

Absolute  Monarchy, 

Pagan. 

Sierra  Leonb, 

British  Colony,                 Protestant. 

SOODAN, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan  &  Mo. 

Persia, 

Absolute  Monarchy, 

Mohammedan. 

Tripoli, 

Absolute  Monarchy ; 

Siberia, 

Subject  to  Russia, 

Greek  Church. 

subject  to  Turkey,      Mohammedan. 

Stria, 

Subject  to  Turkey, 

Mohammedan 
and  Jewish. 

Tunis, 

Absolute  Monarchy ; 
subject  to  Turkey,       Mo.&  Catholic. 

Thibet, 

Subject  to  China, 

Pagan. 

Upper  Guinea, 
Zanguebar, 

Absolute ;  (Ind.  Chiefs,)  Pagan. 
Absolute;  (Ind.  Chiefs,) Pagan  &  Mo. 

TUKKET, 

Absolute  Monarchy, 

Mohammedan. 

ZOOLOO  COVNTKY 

Absolute;  (Ind.  Chiefs,) Pagan. 

% 

• 

y 

AFRICA. 

SQUARE    MILES,    12,000,000.       POPULATION,    60,000,000. 


KEY   TO   MA.1^   NO.    8 


COUNTRIES,  CAPITALS  AND   CHIEF  TOWNS. 
I  Morocco,      1  Morocco,   2  Rabatt,  3  Mequinez,  4 


2  Algiers, 


Fez. 


1  Algiers,  2  Oran, 
Boiia. 


Constantine,  4 


3  Tunis,  1  Tunis,  2  Kairwan. 

4  Beled  el  Jereed,  i  Tooggoort. 

5  Tripoli,        l  Tripoli,  2  Mesurata. 
1  Derne,  2  Bengazi. 


6  Barca, 

7  Egypt, 

8  Nubia, 


1  Cairo,    2  Alexandria, 
Damietta,  6  Sioot. 


Rosetta,  4 


1  New  Dongola,   2  Khartoom,  3  Sen- 
naar. 


9  Abyssinia,  l  Gondar,  2  Massowah,  3  Antalo. 

10  Adel  and  Ajan,  l  Berbkra,  2  Zeyla. 

11  Zanguebar,  or  Essawah.il,   l  Maqadoxo,  2 

Mombas. 

12  Mozambique,    l   Mozambiquk,    2  Quilimane,    3 

Sofala. 

13  Zooloo  Country. 

14  Natal,  l  Pietermaritzbueo. 

15  KafiVaria. 

16  Bosjesman's  Country,  1  Kurrichane,  2  Lat- 

takoo. 

17  Cape  Colony,  l  Cape  Towk,  2.  Graham's  Town, 

8  Georgetown. 

18  Hottentot.  i 

19  Cimbebas. 


20  Lower  Guinea,  l  Loango,  2  San  Salvador,  3 
St.  Paul's  de  Loanda,  4  New  Ben- 
guela. 


21  Upper  Guinea,  l  Coomassie,  2  Abomey, 
in.  4  Abbeokoota. 


Ben- 


22  Liberia,  l  Monrovia. 

23  Sierra  Leone,  l  Freetowk. 

24  Senegambia,  l  Bathurst,  2  St.  Louis,  3  Teemboo. 


25  Pezzan, 

26  Soodan, 


27  Ethiopia. 


1  MooRzooK,  2  Zueela. 

1  Kemmoo,  2  Sego,  3  Timbuctoo,  4  Sac- 
CATOO,  5  KoBBE,  6  Obeid,  7  Booda, 
8  Katunga,  9  Kano,  10  Angornou. 


28  Madagascar,  l  Tananarivoo,  2  Tamatav,  3  Man- 
anzary. 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BATS. 

1  Indian  Ocean, 

2  Atlantic  Ocean, 

8  Mediterranean  Sea, 

4  Gulf  of  Cabes, 

5  Gulf  of  Sidra, 

6  Red  Sea, 

1  Gulf  of  Aden, 

8  Delagoa  Bat, 

9  Algoa  Bat, 

10  St.  Helena  Bat, 

11  Cruz  Bat, 

12  "Walvisch  BaTj 

13  Great  Fish  Bat, 

14  Gulf  of  Guinea, 

15  Bight  of  Biafra, 

16  Bight  of  Benin, 

17  Antongill  Bat, 

18  Bembatooka  Bat. 


162                                                                                    AFR 

ICA. 

STRAITS,  CHANNELS  AND  SOUNDS. 

MOUNTAINS,  DESERTS  AND  OASES. 

19  Strait  op  Gibraltar, 

61  Atlas, 

20  Strait  of  Bab-el-Mandkb, 

62           MiLTSEEN, 

21  MozAiiBiQUE  Channel. 

63  Kong, 

64  Cameroon's, 

65  Mts.  of  the  Moor, 

66  Abba  Yaret, 

ISLANDS. 

67  Kenia, 

22  Abd-el-Curia, 

68    KiLIMANDJARO, 

23  Socotra, 

69  Radama, 

24  Seychelles  Islands, 

70  Red, 

25  Amirante  Islands, 

71    LUPATA, 

26  Pemba, 

72  Snow, 

27  Zanzibar, 

73  Crystal, 

28    MONFIA, 

74  Sahara  Desert, 

29  Comoro, 

75  Libyan  Desert, 

30  Madagascar, 

76  Nubian  Desert, 

31  Mauritips, 

77  Desert  of  Challkhengi, 

32  Bourbon, 

78  Oasis  of  Seewah, 

S3  St.  Helena, 

79  Oasis  of  Tuat, 

34  Ascension, 

80  Oasis  of  Tibesti, 

35  Annobon, 

81  Oasis  of  Bilmah, 

36  St.  Thomas, 

82  Oasis  of  Agadkz. 

37  Fringe's, 

88  Fernando  To, 

39  Cape  Verde  Islands, 

40  Canary  Islands, 

LAKES, 

41  Madeira  Islands, 

83  Melqig, 

42  Azores  Islands. 

84  Sibkah, 

85  Tchad, 

86  Fittrk, 

87  Dembea, 

ISTHMUS  AND  CAPES, 

88  Ukerewe, 

43  Isthmus  of  Suez, 

89  Nyassi  or  Marati, 

44  Bon, 

90  Ngami, 

45    GUARDAFUI, 

91  Debo. 

46  Orfui, 

47  Bassas, 

48  Delgado, 

49  Ambro, 

RIVERS. 

50  St.  Mary, 

92  Nile, 

51  Corrientes, 

93        White, 

52  Agulhas, 

94                GOJEB, 

53  Good  Hope, 

95        Blue, 

54  Cross, 

96        Tacazzi, 

55  Frio, 

97  Haines, 

56  Palmas, 

98  Juba, 

57  Verde, 

99  Ozi, 

58  Blanco, 

100  Sabaki, 

59   BOJADOB, 

101  Matoni, 

60  Noon. 

102  Zambezi, 

103  Orange,                                                                1 

II 

AFRICA- 


163 


104  Vaal, 

105  Bembarouohe, 

106  COANZA, 

107  Ambriz, 

108  Ck)NGO, 

109  Umbrk, 

110  Niger, 

111  Chadda, 


112  VOLTA, 

113  St.  Paul's. 

114  Rio  Grande, 

115  Gambia, 

116  Senegal, 
11*7  Yeoo, 

118  Shary, 

119  Missel  AD. 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP    OF    AFEICA. 


Bound  Africa.     In  what  Zones  is  it  situated  ? 

Point  out  its  chief  divisions  on  the  map.  What 
states  border  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  On  the 
Red  ?    On  the  Indian  Ocean  ?    Atlantic  ? 


What 
What 


OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS  AND  BAYS, 
What  Ocean  east  of  Africa  ?  1.     West  ?  2. 
sea  north  ?  3.     Between  Africa  and  Asia  ?  6. 
gulfs  north  of  Africa  ?  4,  5. 
What  gulf  north  of  Adel  and  Ajan  ?  7. 
What  bay  south  of  Mozambique  ?   8.      South  of 
Cape  Colony?  9.     West?   10.     West  of  Hottentot 
Country?  11.     West  of  Lower  Guinea?  13..     What 
gulf  south   of  Upper  Guinea?   14.     What  strait  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea?  19.     Red?  20. 
What  channel  between  Mozambique  and  Madagascar  ? 
21. 


ISLANDS. 

Which  are  the  most  important  islands  east  of  Afri- 
ca ?  23,  29-32.  Which  are  the  principal  islands  in 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  west  of  Africa?  S3,  34^  39-42. 


ISTHMUS  AND  CAPES. 
What  isthmus  connects  Africa  with  Asia  ?  43. 
Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Africa  ?  44. 
Eastern?  45.     Southern? 52.     Western?  57.     What 


capes  on  the  eastern  coast  south  of  Cape  Guardafui  ? 
46-48,  61.  Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of  Mad- 
agascar? 49.  Southern?  50.  What  capes  on  the 
coast  ofCimbebas?  54,  55.  On  the  coast  of  Liberia? 
56.     On  the  western  coast  north  of  Cape  Verde  ?  58-60 


MOUNTAINS,  DESERTS  AND  OASES. 

What  mountains  in  the  north  of  Africa?  61. 
What  mountains  in  the  east?  66-68,  71.  North  of 
Ethiopia?  65.  North  of  Cape  Colony?  72.  East  of 
Lower  Guinea?  73.  North  of  Upper  Guinea?  63. 
What  mountains  on  the  island  of  Madagascar  ?  69,  70. 

What  large  desert  north  of  Soodan  ?  74.  South  of 
Barca  ?  75.  In  Nubia  ?  76.  Mention  the  principal 
oases  in  the  Desert  of  Sahara.  79-82.  What  desert 
in  the  southern  part  of  Ethiopia  ?  77. 


LAKES  AND  RIVERS. 

Which  is  the  largest  lake  in  Soodan  ?  85.  In  Ethi- 
opia? 89. 

What  river  flows  into  the  Mediterranean  ?  92. 

What  are  its  principal  branches  ?  93,  95,  96. 

What  are  the  principal  rivers  flowing  into  the  In- 
dian Ocean?  98-102.  Into  the  Atlantic?  103,  105- 
108,  110,  112-116. 

What  rivers  flow  into  Lake  Tchad  ?  117,  118, 

What  one  into  Lake  Fittre?  119. 


164 


AFRICA. 


DESCKIPTIYE   GEOGRAPHY. 


Africa  is  wholly  surrounded  by  sea,  ex- 
cept where  the  Isthmus  of  Suez  connects  it 
with  Arabia. 

It  has  a  coast  line  of  Upwards  of  fifteen 
thousand  miles,  but  it  is  nowhere  indented 
by  any  great  gulf  or  bay,  except  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea  on  the  west  coast. 

It  is  about  6,000  miles  in  extreme  length, 
and  4,800  in  its  greatest  breadth,  containing 
12,000,000  square  miles. 

It  has  three  principal  ranges  of  mountains, 
and  numerous  extensive  deserts ;  but  it  is 
almost  destitute  of  large  gulfs,  bays  and  in- 
land seas,  and  has  few  rivers  and  lakes. 

The  climate  of  Africa  is  exceedingly  hot, 
and  rain  seldom  falls.  Most  of  it  lies  in  the 
torrid  zone,  and  is  subject  to  scorching  winds. 

The  well  watered  sections  are  exceedingly 
fertile,  and  yield  the  richest  tropical  pro- 
ducts. The  deserts  are  barren  tracts  of  dry, 
burning  sand. 

It  has  rich  mines  of  gold  ;  and  iron,  cop- 
per and  salt  are  found  in  some  parts. 

Africa  contains  a  great  variety  of  wild  an- 
imals. The  principal  are  the  lion,  leopard, 
camelopard,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopota- 
mus, panther,  hyena,  zebra,  and  antelope. 

The  most  useful  animals  are  the  camel  and 
the  ass.  The  former  requires  little  food, 
while  it  supplies  the  owner  with  milk. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  birds,  of  which 
the  ostrich  is  the  largest,  and  dwells  in  the 
deserts.  The  vulture  is  next  in  size  and 
very  ferocious. 

Monkeys,  insects,  reptiles,  and  enormous 
serpents  and  alligators  are  also  very  numer- 
ous. 

Northern  Africa  is  chiefly  inhabited  by 
Europeans,    who  are  generally  Mohamme- 


dans, and  in  various  stages  of  civilization. 
Negroes  inhabit  the  central  and  southern 
parts,  most  of  whom  are  Pagans,  and  live  in 
a  barbarous  state. 

Africa  contained  in  ancient  times  many 
wealthy  and  enlightened  nations,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  antiquities. 

Questions.  What  is  the  position  of  Africa  ?  "What 
is  said  of  its  coast  ?  What  is  the  size  of  Africa  ? 
What  is  said  of  its  mountains,  deserts,  gulfs,  bays, 
&c.  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  and  productions  ?  Minerals  ? 
Wild  animals  ?  Useful  animals  ?  Birds  ?  Other 
animals  ?  By  whom  is  Africa  inhabited  ?  What  did 
Africa  formerly  contain  ? 


BARBARY  STATES. 

These  border  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and 
comprise  the  states  of  Morocco,  Algiers, 
Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  the  districts  of  Barca  and 
Beled-el-Jereed.  They  are  traversed  by  the 
Atlas  mountains,  and  contain  elevated  table 
lands. 

The  climate  is  warm,  the  soil  fertile,  and 
the  productions  resemble  those  of  southern 
Europe. 

Noxious  animals  and  ferocious  lions,  pan- 
thers and  hyenas,  also  serpents  and  scorpions 
of  the  most  deadly  venom,  roam  here. 

Agriculture  is  not  well  understood,  and 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  very  limited. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Moors,  Jews, 
Berbers,  and  Arabs. 


1.    MOROCCO. 
Square  miles,  ^222,000.     Population,  8,500,000. 
Morocco,  the  ancient  Mauritania,  includes 
the  kingdom  of  Morocco,  Fez  and  Tafilet. 


AFRICA. 


165 


The  Date  Palm. 


It  yields  an  abundance  of  fruit  and  grain, 
and  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  morocco 
leather.  Horses,  cattle  and  sheep  are  numer- 
ous. From  the  latter,  wool  of  the.  finest 
quality  is  obtained  in  large  quantities. 

Morocco,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  fertile 
plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  thirty  feet 
in  height.  The  streets  are  narrow,  irregular 
and  unpaved.  It  contains  many  elegant 
mosques. 

Fez  was  formerly  an  important  city,  but  is 
now  much  decayed.  It  has  a  variety  of 
manufactures  of  the  common  articles  of 
clothing.  It  contains  upwards  of  two  hun- 
dred mosques. 


2.    ALGIERS. 

Square  miles,  90,000.     Population,  2,500,000. 

Algiers,  formerly  called  Numidia,  is  a 
mountainous  country,  lying  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, east  of  Morocco. 

It  has  a  very  variable  though  salubrious 
climate,  and  a  soil  which  is  rendered  fertile 
by  irrigation.  The  principal  productions  are 
figs,  pomegranates,  oranges,  lemons  and 
dates. 

It  has  extensive  coral  fisheries. 

It  is  now  a  French  colonial  province,  un- 
der the  supreme  power  of  a  governor-gen- 
eral, appointed  by  the  French  government. 

Algiers^  the  capital,  is  strongly  fortified, 


166 


AFRICA. 


and  has  some  commerce.     It  is  rapidly  im- 
proving in  its  appearance. 


8.    TUNIS. 
Square  miles,  70,000.     Population,  2,500,000, 

Tunis,  the  ancient  Carthage,  lies  next  east 
of  Algiers,  and  is  the  most  fertile  and  flour- 
ishing of  the  Barbary  States. 

Owing  to  the  extortions  of  government, 
agriculture  is  very  much  neglected. 

It  is  rich  in  mineral  products. 

The  government,  is  nominally  tributary  to 
the  Turkish  sultan. 

Tunis,  the  capital,  is  about  twelve  miles 
from  the  ruins  of  Carthage,  and  one  of  the 
finest  cities  in  Africa.  It  has  an  extensive 
trade. 


4.  BELED  EL  JEREED. 
Square  miles,  140,000.  Population,  500,000. 
Beled  el  Jereed  is  a  narrow  but  extensive 
tract  of  land,  lying  between  the  Atlas  moun- 
tains and  the  Grreat  Desert.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally sterile,  but  the  country  contains  sev- 
eral oases  fertile  in  dates.  It  is  inhabited  by 
nomadic  tribes. 


5.     TRIPOLI. 

Square  miles,  105,000.     Population,  1,500,000. 

Tripoli  is  a  barren  and  thinly  populated 
state.  Much  of  its  surface  is  a  desert,  but 
some  of  its  plains  are  very  fertile.  On  these 
rich  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  millet  and  In- 
dian corn  are  grown. 

The  government  is  an  unlimited  and  bar- 
barous despotism. 

Tripoli,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Med- 
iterranean, and  has  a  good  harbor. 


6.  BARCA. 
Square  miles,  35,000.  Population,  300,000. 
Barca  is  a  maritime  country,  east  of  Tri- 
poli. It  is  fertile  along  the  coast,  but  the 
interior  and  southern  part  is  desert.  It  has 
no  permanent  rivers,  but  numerous  moun- 
tain torrents. 

It  belongs  to  Tripoli.     Derne  is  the  capital. 

Questions.  Name  the  Barbary  States.  Give  the 
square  miles  and  population  of  each.  What  is  said 
of  their  surface  ?  Climate,  soil,  &c.  ?  Noxious  ani- 
mals ?     Agriculture,  &c.  ?     Inhabitants  ? 

Describe  Morocco.  Its  productions  and  manufac- 
tures. Its  animals.  Its  capital.  Fez.  Algiers.  Its 
climate  and  soil.  Productions.  Government.  Its 
capital.  Tunis.  Its  agriculture.  Minerals.  Govern- 
ment. Its  capital.  Beled-el-Jereed.  Tripoli.  Its 
government.     Its  capital.     Barca.     Derne. 


7.    EGYPT. 
Square  miles,  180,000.     Population,  2,890,000. 

Egypt,  a  country  in  the  north-eastern  part 
of  Africa,  comprises  the  narrow  valley  of 
the  Nile,  with  extensive  deserts  on  either 
side.  This  valley,  throughout  its  whole  ex- 
tent, is  hemmed  in  on  both  sides  by  contin- 
uous chains  of  hills.  Those  on  the  east  side 
approach  more  closely  to  the  river. 

The  climate  is  remarkable  for  its  uni- 
formity. In  the  upper  part,  rain  is  hardly 
known,  but  the  Nile  overflows  its  banks, 
leaving  behind  a  rich  loam  that  annually 
yields  two  or  three  crops. 

Eice,  cotton,  wheat,  maize,  barley,  durra, 
a  kind  of  grain,  and  fruits  grow  in  great 
luxuriance. 

Considerable  attention  is  given  to  agricul- 
ture, though  the  system  of  husbandry  is 
probably  the  same  now  that  it  was  thou- 
sands of  years  ago. 

Much  trade  is  carried  on   by  means  of 


AFRICA. 


107 


The  Sphynx  and  Pyramids. 


caravans.  Canals  have  been  constructed, 
and  a  railroad  extends  from  Alexandria  to 
Cairo. 

Egypt  is  governed  by  a  Pasha,  subject  to 
Turkey,  who  encourages  education  and  the 
arts.  The  prevailing  religion  is  the  Moham- 
medan. 

Egypt  was  anciently  a  wealthy  and  pow- 
erful kingdom.  Many  stupendous  ruins  of 
its  former  glory  still  remain.  Pyramids, 
obelisks  and  catacombs  are  scattered  over  the 
country.  The  largest  pyramid  is  near  Cairo. 
It  is  500  feet  high  and  covers  eleven  acres. 
The  ruins  of  Thebes  extend  several  miles, 
'and  are  among  the  most  magnijScent  in  the 
world. 


Cairo,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in  Af- 
rica and  the  center  of  trade  with  Europe  and 
Asia.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  ill- 
paved  and  unfit  for  the  passage  of  carriages. 

Alexandria  was  once  renowned  in  the  arts 
and  sciences.  It  is  the  principal  seaport  of 
Egypt  and  connected  by  means  of  steam- 
vessels  with  the  chief  ports  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Egypt  ?  Pop- 
ulation? What  does  Egypt  comprise?  What  is 
said  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile  ?  What  is  said  of  the 
climate?  Rains?  Productions?  Agriculture  and 
trade  ?  Government  and  religion  ?  What  was  Egypt 
anciently  ?  Describe  the  pyramid  near  Cairo.  Ruins 
of  Thebes.    Cairo.    Alexandria. 


168 


AFRICA. 


8.     NUBIA. 
Square  miles,  300,000.     Population,  500,000. 

Nubia  is  situated  south  of  Egypt,  on  the 
shore  of  the  Eed  Sea. 

It  consists  chiefly  of  mountains  and  sandy 
deserts.  The  cultivated  portion  occupies 
the  narrow  valley  of  the  Nile,  and  yields 
cotton,  barley,  tobacco  and  palm  trees. 

The  climate  is  hot  and  dry,  but  healthful. 

The  Nubians  belong  to  the  Arabian  and 
Ethiopian  races.  They  are  of  a  dark-brown 
complexion ;  bold,  frank,  cheerful  and  sim- 
ple in  manners. 

Nubia  is  divided  into  petty  kingdoms, 
subject  to  the  pasha  of  Egypt. 

Magnificent  ruins  abound,  the  principal 
one  of  which  is  the  temple  of  Ipsambul, 
which  is  cut  out  of  a  solid  rock.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  be  2000  years  old,  but  is  in  a  state 
of  complete  preservation. 

New  Dongola,  the  capital,  is  important  as 
a  military  depot  and  place  of  trade. 

Khartoom,  the  capital  of  a  province  of 
Nubia,  is  regularly  built  and  very  flourishing. 

Questions.  How  many  square  miles  has  Nubia? 
What  is  its  population?  What  is  the  surface  of 
Nubia?  Productions?  Climate?  Who  inhabit  it ? 
How  divided?  What  is  said  of  its  ruins?  New 
Dongola  and  Khartoom  ? 


9.    ABYSSINIA. 
Square  miles,  250,000.     Population,  280,000. 

Abyssinia  comprised  in  the  ancient  Ethi 
opia,  is  a  country  of  East  Africa,   south  of 
Nubia.     It  is  a  mountainous  country,  with 
an  agreeable  climate  and  fertile  soil. 

Wheat,  barley,  oats,  maize,  rice,  a  small 
grain  called  teff,  fruits  and  honey  are  the 
chief  products.  The  minerals  are  iron  ore, 
rock-salt  and  gold.  Ivory  and  gold  are  the 
principal  exports. 


The  inhabitants  are  Jews,  Arabs  and 
Negroes.  Their  religion  is  a  curious  mix- 
ture of  the  Jewish  and  Pagan  religions. 

The  government  is  divided  up  among  sev- 
eral petty  states. 

GoNDAR,  the  capital  city,  is  twenty  miles 
from  lake  Dembea ;  it  contains  a  ruined  pal- 
ace and  was  formerly  a  royal  residence,  but 
is  now  a  meanly  built  town. 

Massoiuah,  the  principal  seaport  town,  is 
on  a  small  island  in  the  Eed  sea. 

Questions.  What  is  the  extent  of  Abyssinia? 
Population  ?  .  How  is  Abyssinia  situated  ?  What  is 
the  surface?  Climate  and  soil?  What  are  the  pro- 
ductions? Minerals?  Exports?  What  is  said  of 
the  inhabitants  ?  The  government  ?  Gondar  ?  Mas- 
sowah  ? 


EASTERN  AFRICA. 

Eastern  Africa  comprises  all  the  coast 
between  Abyssinia  and  the  Tropic  of  Cap- 
ricorn. In  consequence  of  the  excessive 
heat,  numerous  wild  animals  and  ferocious 
natives,  it  has  been  little  explored. 


10.  ADEL  AND  AJAN. 

Adel  and  Ajan  are  noted  for  their  gold, 
ivory,  frankincense  and  myrrh. 

Berhera  is  a  seaport  station  on  a  bay  of 
the  gulf  of  Aden.  An  annual  fair  is  held 
here  from  October  till  April,  at  which  from 
ten  to  twenty  thousand  people  assemble. 

Zeyla  stands  on  a  low  sandy  cape  on  the 
straits  of  Bab-el-Mandeb. 


11.  ZANGUEBAR. 

Zanguebar  contains  several    independent 
states,and  has  a  number  of  unimportant  towns. 


AFRICA. 


f^^ 


African  Dwellings. 


The  trade  is  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the 
Arabs. 

Magadoxo  is  a  maritime  town,  enclosed  by 
stone  walls,  and  divided  into  two  parts,  one 
composed  wholly  of  tombs. 


12.  MOZAMBIQUE. 

This  state  nominally  belongs  to  the  Por- 
tuguese. Its  trade  consists  principally  in  gold 
and  ivory. 

Mozambique,  the  residence  of  the  Portu- 
guese Governor,  is  situated  on  an  island  near 
the  coast.    It  has  a  good  anchorage  for  ships. 

Questions.  What  does  Earlem  Africa  comprise? 
What  has  prevented  its  being  explored?  For  what 
are  Adeland  Ajan  noted?  Describe  Berbera,  Zeyla, 
Zanguebar.  What  is  said  of  the  trade  ?  Magadoxo  ? 
Mozambique  ?    Describe  Mozambique. 


SOUTHERN  AFRICA. 

Southern  Africa  includes  Zooloo  Country, 
Natal,  Kaffraria,  Bosjesman's  Country,  Cape 
Colony,  and  Hottentot  Country. 


13.     ZOOLOO  COUNTRY. 
This  is  a  small  extent  of  territory,  and  lies 
south  of  Mozambique. 


14    NATAL. 

Natal,  a  colonial  possession  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, lies  south  of  Zooloo  Country. 

The  surface  is  undulating,  well-watered, 
the  soil  generally  fertile,  and  the  climate 
healthy. 

Cotton  and  indigo  grow  wild.  The  other 
productions  are  coffee,  sugar,  wheat  and 
tobacco. 

Iron  is  abundant,  and  a  superior  kind  of 
coal  is  found. 

PiETERMAKiTZBUBG,  the  Capital,  Is  fifty 
miles  inland. 


15.  KAFFRARIA, 
Kaffraria,  a  country  in  South-eastern  Africa, 
is  level  near  the  coast ;  the  western  portion  is 
varied.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The 
principal  productions  are  maize,  millet  and 
melons. 


ITO 


AFRICA. 


The  Kaffres  are  tall  and  well-formed. 
Their  color  is  a  dark  gray.  The  men  are 
chiefly  engaged  in  war,  and  in  the  care  of 
their  cattle. 


16.    BOSJESMAN'S  COUNTRY. 

This  country  lies  north-west  of  Natal  and 
Kaffraria. 

The  inhabitants,  a  race  of  Hottentots,  are 
of  small  stature  and  of  a  savage  disposition. 


17.     CAPE  COLONY. 

Cape  Colony, occupying  the  southern  extrem- 
ity of  Africa,  consists  of  several  plateaus  and 
mountain  ranges,  rising  one  above  another. 

The  climate  is  changeable;  the  alternations 
of  heat  and  cold  being  frequently  great  and 
sudden. 

The  soil  is  fertile  on  the  coast,  and  produ- 
ces an  abundance  of  grain,  fruits  and  good 
pasturage.  Large  herds  of  cattle  are  kept 
by  the  farmers,  or  boors. 

Cape  Colony  belongs  to  Great  Britain,  and 
is  inhabited  by  English,  Dutch  and  Hottentots. 

Cape  Town,  the  capital,  is  a  fortified  sea- 
port, regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets 
lined  with  shade  trees.  It  nas  a  royal  ob- 
servatory and  other  public  buildings,  and  is 
visited  annually  by  a  large  number  of  vessels. 


18.    HOTTENTOT  COUNTRY. 
The  Hottentots  are  stupid  and  degraded. 
The  wild  Hottentots,  called  Bushmen,  are  a 
miserable   race,  living  like  wild  beasts,  and 
subsisting  on  roots,  insects  and  reptiles. 

Questions.  What  does  South  Africa  include? 
What  is  said  of  the  Zooloo  Country?  JNatal?  Its 
surface,  soil  and  climate?    Productions?     Minerals? 


Pietermaritzburg  ? 
jesman's  Country  ? 
Its  climate?  Soil? 
scribe  Cape  Town. 


Kaflfraria  ?  The  Kaffres  ?  Bos- 
The  inhabitants  ?  Cape  Colony  ? 
To  whom  does  it  belong  ?  De- 
The  Hottentots. 


WESTERN  AFRICA. 

Western  Africa  embraces  the  coast  from 
the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  to  the  Great  Desert 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  luxuriant 
vegetation  and  vast  numbers  of  wild  ani- 
mals. 

It  is  inhabited  by  degraded  Negroes,  many 
of  whom  worship  reptiles.  They  are  sub- 
ject to  vindictive  chiefs. 

Cimbebas,  Lower  and  Upper  Guinea,  Li- 
beria, Sierra  Leone  and  Senegambia,  are  its 
divisions. 


,  19.     CIMBEBAS. 

Cimbebas  lies  north  of  Cape  Colony,  and 
is  but  little  known.  It  is  inhabited  by  an 
inoffensive  farming  community,  who  reside 
chiefly  in  the  interior. 


20.    LOWER  GUINEA. 

This  is  a  fertile  and  thickly  populated  coun- 
try, embracing  a  number  of  different  states. 

The  northern  part  is  little  known.  The 
central  and  southern  portions  belong  to  the 
Portuguese. 

The  trade  consists  of  ebony,  palm-oil, 
gold-dust  and  slaves. 

Its  principal  divisions  are  Loango,  Congo, 
Angola  and  Benguela.  The  palm  tree  is  the 
most  useful  production. 


21.    UPPER  GUINEA. 
This  state  is  situated  between  the  Kong 


AFRICA. 


171 


Ant-hUls  of  the  White  Ant. 


mountains  and  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  and 
contains  several  native  kingdoms. 

It  has  a  large  trade  in  slaves,  gold-dust 
and  ivory. 

Most  of  its  inhabitants  are  deeply  degraded 
and  ferocious.  Thousands  of  human  beings 
are  sometimes  sacrificed  at  the  death  of  a 
king. 

The  British,  Dutch,  and  Danes,  have  sev- 
eral small  garrisons  on  the  coast. 


22.     LIBERIA. 

Square  miles,  25,000.     Population,  250,000. 

Liberia  lies  on  the  coast,  west  of  Upper 

Guinea.     It  is  well-watered  and  the  soil  is 

fertile,  producing  cotton,  coffee,  sugar-cane, 

dye-woods  and  fruits. 

It  was  established  by  the  American  Col- 


onization Society  in  1821,  ars  a  home  for 
emancipated  and  free  negroes. 

It  is  a  republic,  the  government  consisting 
of  a  president,  vice  president,  senate,  and  a 
house  of  representatives. 

Monrovia  is  the  capital  and  principal 
town,  and  has  a  number  of  schools,  churches 
and  a  public  library. 


23,    SIERRA  LEONE. 
Square  miles,  25,000.     Population,  45,000. 
This  is  a  small  British  settlement,  made 
in  1787,  for  the  purpose  of  putting  a  stop  to 
the  slave  trade,  and  civilizing  Africa. 

Freetown,  the  capital,  is  regularly  built, 
and  contains  the  government  offices,  barracks 
and  various  schools. 


lU 


172 


AFRICA. 


Monrovia. 


24.     SENEGAMBIA. 

This  extensive  region  in  Western  Africa, 
includes  all  the  countries  lying  on  the  Sen- 
egal and  Gambia  rivers.  The  climate  is  ex- 
tremely hot,  and  the  soil  well  watered  and 
fertile. 

The  principal  productions  are  palm  oil, 
ivory,  gold-dust  and  gums. 

It  is  densely  populated,  and  trades  in  ivory 
and  gold-dust,  with  the  English,  French 
and  Portuguese,  who  have  settlements  on 
the  coast 


25.    FEZZAN. 

Fezzan  is  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded 
on  all  sides  by  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert, 
except  on  the  north. 

The  northern  part  consists  of  ranges  of 
mountains  perfectly  barren;  in  the  south, 
sandy  plains,  destitute  of  vegetation,  alter- 
nate with  low  hills  and  valleys,  which  contain 
all  the  cultivated  soil  in  the  country. 


The  principal  products  are  dates,  figs, 
pomegranates  and  garden  vegetables. 

It  has  considerable  trade,  carried  on  by 
caravans. 

The  country  is  governed  by  a  chief  with 
the  rank  of  Sultan. 

Questions.  "What  does  Western  Africa  embrace  ? 
For  what  is  it  remarkable  ?  By  whom  is  it  inhabited  ? 
"What  are  its  principal  divisions?  Describe  Cimbe- 
bas.  Lower  Guinea.  What  are  its  principal  divis- 
ions ?  Describe  Upper  Guinea.  What  is  said  of  its 
trade  ?  Inhabitants  ?  How  is  Liberia  situated  ? 
When  was  it  colonized  ?  What  is  its  government  ? 
Describe  Monrovia.  Sierra  Leone.  Freetown.  What 
is  said  of  Senegambia?  Climate rf*  Soil?  Produc- 
tions ?  Trade  ?  How  is  Fezzan  situated  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  surface  and  soil  ?  Productions  ?  Trade  ? 
How  is  it  governed  ? 


CENTRAL  AFRICA. 

This  section  includes  all  the  interior  of 
Africa  south  of  the  Great  Desert,  embracing 
Ethiopia  and  Soudan. 


AFRICA. 


173 


26.     SOUDAN. 

Soudan  has  been  only  partially  explored. 
It  is  a  large,  fertile  and  populous  tract,  em- 
bracing the  valley  of  the  Niger,  and  abounds 
with  valuable  tropical  products. 

It  is  divided  into  a  large  number  of  states, 
ruled  by  petty  chiefs,  called  kings.  The 
inhabitants  are  generally  humane  and 
industrious. 

There  are  a  number  of  large  cities,  of 
which  Timbuctoo  is  the  most  important. 


27.     ETHIOPIA. 

This  is  a  vast  country  in  Central  Africa, 
lying  soijth  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon. 

It  is  for  the  most  part  an  unexplored  and 
unknown  region.  Eecent  travelers  have 
represented  the  country  as  extremely  popu- 
lous, containing  regularly  organized  gov- 
ernments. 

Questions.  What  does  Central  Africa  include? 
"What  is  said  of  Soudan  ?  How  is  it  divided  ?  What 
is  said  of  Ethiopia  ? 


AFRICAN  ISLANDS. 

28.    MADAGASCAR. 

This  island  is  in  the  Indian  ocean  about  one 
hundred  miles  from  Africa.  It  is  1,000 
miles  in  length  with  an  average  breadth  of 
240  miles,  having  an  area  a  little  larger  than 
France. 

It  is  low  and  level  on  the  coast,  and  in  the 
interior,  mountainous.  The  heat  in  the  low 
lands  is  often  intense,  and  rains  are  nearly 
constant,  rendering  the  climate  of  the  coast 


very  unhealthful  both^to  natives  and  Eu- 
ropeans.    In  the  interior  it  is  salubrious. 

Its-  vegetable  productions  are  rich  and 
varied,  containing  many  species  of  plants  not 
found  elsewhere.  Cotton,  sugar-cane,  tobac- 
co, hemp  and  rice  are  cultivated.  Ginger, 
pepper  and  indigo  grow  wild  in  the  woods. 
It  has  also  a  variety  of  fruits,  among  which 
are  the  orange,  peach,  citron  and  mulberry. 

The  population  appears  to  have  sprung 
from  different  races,  but  has  a  perfect  unity 
of  language.  Though  nearly  in  a  barbarous 
condition,  the  people  have  manufactures  of 
iron  utensils  and  of  cloths. 

The  government  is  a  monarchical  des- 
potism.    The  religion  is  pagan. 

Tananarivoo,  the  capital,  is  near  the 
center  of  the  island.  It  is  little  known  by 
Europeans,  but  is  reported  to  be  large,  and 
to  have  manufactures  of  gold  and  silver 
chains,  and  of  silk  stuffs. 

Bourbon  and  Mauritius  are  fertile  isl- 
ands. .  Coffee  and  sugar  are  the  chief  pro- 
ducts. Bourbon  has  a  volcano  constantly 
burning. 

Seychelles  and  Amirante  Islands  are 
dependencies  of  Mauritius.  Both  produce 
cotton  and  cocoa-nuts. 

Pemba,  Zanzibar  and  Monfia  are  fer- 
tile islands  belonging  to  Muscat. 

SocoTRA,  an  island  in  the  Indian  ocean, 
one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from  cape 
Guardafui,  is  inhabited  principally  by  the 
Bedouins.  It  produces  aloes  of  the  finest 
quality.     It  belongs  to  the  Sultan  of  Keshin. 


\u 


AFRICA. 


The  Peak  of  Tcnoriflc 


The  chief  islands  on  the  western  coast  are 
the  Azores,  Madeira,  Canary,  and  Cape  Yerde 
islands. 

Excepting  the  Cape  Yerde  Islands,  they 
have  a  mild,  healthful  climate,  a  fertile  soil, 
and  produce  wine  and  various  kinds  of  grain 
and  fruits  in  abundance. 

The  Island  of  St.  Helena  is  noted  as  the 
place  of  Napoleon's  exile  and  death. 


Questions,  What  is  Madagascar  ?  Its  size  ? 
Surface  ?  Climate  ?  Productions  ?  What,  is  said  of 
the  Poiiulation?  Manufactures?  Government? 
Religion  ?     Tananarivoo  ? 

What  is  said  of  Bourbon  and  Mauritius  ?  Sey- 
chelles and  Amirante  ?  Pemba  ?  Zanzibar  and  Mon- 
fia  ?  Socotra  ?  What  are  the  principal  islands  on 
the  western  coast  ?  AVhat  is  said  of  their  climate, 
soil,  &c  ?    For  what  is  St,  Helena  noted  ? 


QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW. 


175 


QUESTIONS  FOE  EXAMIKATION  AlsTD   EEYIEW,  ON    NORTH   AMEBICA, 
SOUTH  AMEKICA   EUEOPE,  ASIA,  AND  AFKICA. 


How  13  North  America  bounded?  What  is  the 
latitude  of  Washington?  Montreal?  What  is  the 
longitude  of  Cape  Race  ?  Of  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
lumbia ?  In  what  zone  is  British  America  ?  Mexico  ? 
What  divisions  extend  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pa- 
cific Oceans  ?  How  is  Montreal  situated  ?  Toronto  ? 
Which  of  the  United  States  border  on  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  ?  Which  on  Lake  Erie  ?  What  are  the  prin- 
cipal agricultural  productions  of  the  Southern  States  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  city  in  New  England?  What 
are  the  principal  Atlantic  seaports  of  the  United 
States  ?  What  seaports  On  the  Pacific  ?  For  what 
is  Pennsylvania  distinguished?  What  are  the  prin- 
cipal productions  of  Georgia  ?  What  do  the  Western 
States  comprise  ?  What  mountains  in  Mexico  ?  What 
are  the  principal  productions  of  Mexico  ?  What  are 
the  four  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands  ?  What 
are  the  productions  of  Cuba  ? 

How  is  South  America  bounded?  Name  each 
division  and  its  capital  Which  is  the  largest  division  ? 
Which  has  no  sea-coast  ?  What  mountains  extend 
the  whole  length  of  South  America  ?  Mention  the 
principal  peaks  of  the  Andes.  What  rivers  in 
Guiana  ?  What  are  the  principal  tributaries  of  the 
Orinoco?  Of  the  Amazon?  Of  the  La  Plata ?  What 
are  the  chief  agricultural  productions  of  Brazil? 
What  are  the  exports  of  Uruguay?  For  what  is 
Bolivia  noted?  What  are  the  productions  of  Peru? 
For  what  is  Ecuador  remarkable  ? 

How  is  Europe  bounded  ?  What  divisions  of  Europe 
border  on  the  Atlantic?  What  on  the  North  Sea? 
What  on  the  Mediterranean  ?  Which  is  the  largest 
division?  What  sea  between  Sweden  and  Russia? 
What  sea  between  Turkey  and  Italy?  What  gulfs 
connect  directly  with  the  Baltic  Sea?  With  the 
Mediterranean  ?  Where  are  the  Scandinavian  Movm- 
tains?  The  Alps?  Pyrenees?  Where  is  Mount 
Vesuvius  ?  Mount  /Etna  ?  Where  is  Lake  Wener  ? 
Constance  ?  What  are  the  principal  rivers  of  Eng- 
land? Of  Sweden?  Of  Prussia?  What  are  the 
tributaries  of  the  Danube  ?  Where  is  the  source  of 
the  Rhine  ?  The  Rhone  ?  Into  what  body  of  water 
docs  the  Ebro  flow  ?  Th6  Loire?  TlieElbe?  What 
are  the  mineral  productions  of  Sweden  ?  What  is 
the  government  ?    How  is  Stockholm  situated  ?    What 


is  the  climate  of  Russia  ?  What  can  you  say  of  its 
commerce  ^  What  is  the  latitude  of  St.  Petersburg  ? 
How  is  Vienna  situated  ?  What  does  Turkey  com- 
prise? Describe  the  Turks.  What  was  ancient 
Greece?  Of  what  does  Italy  consist?  How  is  it 
divided  ?  What  is  the  surface  of  France  ?  What 
are  its  chief  productions?  The  minerals?  What 
is  the  character  of  the  French  ?  What  is  the  climate 
of  Spain  ?  Describe  Madrid.  How  is  Lisbon  sit- 
uated ?  What  is  the  climate  of  England  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  its  agriculture?  Manufactures? 
Commerce?  For  what  is  Scotland  noted?  What 
does  the  Germanic  confederation  comprise  ?  How  is 
Frankfort  situated  ?  What  is  the  climate  of  Holland  ? 
What  are  the  chief  productions  of  Denmark  ?  How 
is  Copenhagen  situated  ?  What  is  said  of  the  scenery 
in  Switzerland  ? 

Bound  Asia.  What  division  of  Asia  is  crossed 
by  the  Arctic  Circle  ?  What  divisions  by  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer  ?  What  seas  on  the  east  of  Asia  ?  What 
seas  on  the  west  ?  Where  is  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 
What  are  the  principal  mountains  in  the  Chinese 
Empire  ?  In  Hindostan  ?  Where  is  Mount  Sinai  ? 
Ararat  ?  Where  is  Lake  Baikal  ?  Lop  Nor  ?  What 
rivers  flow  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  Into  the  Yellow 
Sea?  Bay  of  Bengal?  What  is  the  climate  of  Sibe- 
ria ?  What  are  its  minerals  ?  What  is  the  most 
n6ted  product  of  China?  How  is  Peking  situated? 
To  what  race  do  the  Japanese  belong  ?  What  are  the 
characteristics  of  the  Mongol  race  ?  For  what  is 
India  distinguished  ?  What  does  Farther  India  com- 
prise ?  How  is  Singapore  situated  ?  What  remark- 
able tree  is  found  in  Hindostan  ?  In  what  have  the 
Hindoos  excelled  ?  What  are  the  chief  products  of 
Persia?  The  manufactures?  For  what  is  Turkey 
remarkable?  What  ruins  does  it  contain?  By 
whom  is  Toorkistan  inhabited  ? 

Bound  Africa.  What  is  the  latitude  of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  ?  What  is  the  longitude  of  the  Strait  of 
Bab  el  Mandeb  ?  For  what  is  Egypt  remarkable  ? 
What  are  the  principal  productions  of  the  Barbary 
States  ?  Describe  Madagascar.  What  countries  of 
Africa  are  subject  to  Great  Britain  ?  What  is  known 
of  Ethiopia  ? 


OCEANICA. 

SQUARE    MILES,    4,400,000.       POPULATION,    23,5Q0,000. 


KEY    TO    M^F*    ISrO.    9. 


OCEANS  AND  SEAS. 

1  Pacific  Ocean, 

2  Indian  Ocean, 
8  China  Sea, 

4  Coral  Sea. 


ISLANDS. 

1  Polynesia. 

5  BoNiN  Islands, 

6  Magellan's  Archipelago, 

7  Guadalupe, 

8  Anson's  Archipelago, 

9  Sandwich  Islands, 

10  Oahu, 

11  Hawaii,  or  Owhtheb, 

12  Palmyras, 

13  America  Islands, 

14  Christmas, 

15  Marquesas  Islands, 

16  Nookaheeta, 

17  St.  Paul's, 

18  Easter, 

19  Ducie, 

aO   PiTCAIRN 

21  Gambier  Islands, 

22  Pearl  Islands, 

23  Palliser  Islands, 

24  Society  Islands, 

25  Tahiti, 

26  Austral  Islands, 

27  Cook's  Islands, 

28  Kermadec  Islands, 

29  Friendly  Islands, 

30  Hapai  Islands, 

81  Tonga  Islands, 

82  Fekjee  Islands, 

83  Navigator     Islands, 

84  Central  Archipelago, 

85  Mitchell's  Islands, 

86  De  Peyster's  Islands, 


37 

Taswkll's  Islands, 

'    88 

Gilbert's  Archipelago, 

89 

Scarborough's  Range, 

40 

MuLGRAVE  Islands, 

41 

Radack  Islands, 

42  Caroline  Islands, 

43 

Ulalan, 

44 

Strong's, 

45 

Torres, 

46 

Mortlock  Islands, 

47 

Hall  Islands, 

48 

Egoi  Islands, 

49 

Pelew  Islands, 

60 

St.  Andrew's  Islands, 

61  Ladrone  Islands. 

2  Australasia. 

52  Australia,                        T 

Towns. 

3  North  Australia. 

4  New  South  Wales,  l  Brisbane,  2  Sydney. 

5  Victoria,  3  Melbourne,  4  Portland. 

e  South  Australia,  5  Adelaide. 

7  West    Australia,    6  Albany,   7   Freemantle. 
Perth. 

63  Melville, 

64  Arroo  Islands, 

65  New  Guinea, 

66  Admiralty  Islands, 

67  New  Ireland, 

68  New  Britain, 

69  louisiade, 

60  New  Georgia, 

61  Solomon's  Archipblaoo, 

62  Rennel  Islands, 

63  Egmont, 

64  New  Hebrides, 

65  New  Caledonia, 

66  Norfolk, 


178 


OCEANICA. 


6*7  New  Zealand, 

68  New  Ulster, 

69  New  Munsteb, 

70  N«:w  Leinster, 

71  Chatham, 

72  Van  Diemen's  Land, 


1  HoBART  Town. 


8  Malaysia. 

Towns. 

73  Sumatra,        1  Acheen,    2  Padang,    3  Pa- 

lembang,  4  Bencoolen. 

74  Banca, 

75  Jata,  1  Batatia,  2  Samarang. 

76  Borneo,  1  Borneo,  2  Banjermassin,  3 

Sarawak. 

77  Celebes,  1  Macassar. 

78  SooLOO  Islands, 

79  Philippine  Islands, 

80  Luzon,        1  Manilla. 

81  Samar, 

82  MiNDORO, 

83  Palawan, 

84  Mindanao, 

85  Sangir, 

86  Spice  Islands, 

87  GiLOLO, 

88  Timor, 

89  Flores, 

90  Sandalwood, 

91  SUMBAWA, 

92  Bally  Islands, 

93  Keeling. 


GULFS  AND  BAYS. 

94  Cambridge  Gulf, 

95  Gulf  of  Carpentaria, 

96  Halifax  Bat, 

97  Botany  Bat, 

98  Spencer's  Gulf, 

99  Shark's  Bay, 

100  Bay  of  Islands, 

101  Bay  of  Plenty. 


STRAITS. 


102  Malacca, 

103  SUNDA, 

104  Macassar, 
106  Torres, 

106  Bass, 

107  Cook, 

108  Foveaux. 


CAPES. 

109  Engano, 

110  Rodney, 

111  York, 

112  Flattery, 

113  Townsend, 

114  Sandy, 

115  Howe, 

116  Chatham, 

117  Leeuwin, 

118  North  West, 

119  Leteque, 

120  bougaintille, 

121  Maria  Van  Diem  en. 


MOUNTAINS. 

122  Mt.  Ophib, 

123  Blue, 

124  Australian  Alps, 

125  Mt.  Kilauea. 


LAKES. 


126  TORRENS. 


RIVERS. 

127  Ltnd, 

128  MURRAT, 

129  Darling, 

130  Lachlan, 

131  Swan. 


OCEANICA. 


1*79 


SANDWICH,  OR  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

1  Nihau. 

2  Kauhai. 

CAPES. 

1  KoOLAU, 

2  Kahaka, 

3  Hana, 

3  Oahu, 

1  Honolulu. 

4  Upola. 

4  Molokai. 

2  Lahaina,  3  Wairukil. 

5  Maui, 

6  Lanai. 

MOUNTAINS. 

7  Kahoolawe. 

6  Mauna  Kka, 

8  Hawaii, 

4  HUo,  6  Kaaha,  6  Kealakeakua. 

6  Kilauea, 
1  Mauna  Loa. 

QUESTIONS  ON   THE   MAP   OF   OCEANICA. 


In  what  two  oceans  are  the  islands  of  Oceanica 
situated  ? 

Which  are  the  three  grand  divisions  of  Oceanica  ? 

What  part  of  Oceanica  constitutes  Malaysia? 
Australasia  ?     Polynesia  ? 

What  are  the  principal  islands  in  Polynesia  ? 

What  archipelago  is  crossed   hy  the  equator  ?  34. 

What  groups  between  the  equator  and  10^  north 
latitude  ?    13,  39,  42. 

What  two  archipelagoes  are  crossed  by  the  tropic 
of  Cancer  ?  6,  8. 

What'  are  the  principal  groups  in  Polynesia  south 
of  the  equator?  15,  24,  28,  29,  33. 

Which  is  the  largest  island  in  Australasia  ?  52. 

What  are  the  divisions  of  Australia  ? 

What  large  island  north  of  Australia  ?  55. 

What  south?  72.     Southeast?  67.     East?  65. 

What  islands  in  Australasia  east  of  New  Guinea  ? 
61. 

What  three  large  islands  in  Malaysia  are  crossed  by 
the  equator  ?  73,  76,  77. 

What  group  of  islands  northeast  of  Borneo  ?  79. 
East  of  Celebes  ?  86. 

What  large  island  southeast  of  Sumatra  ?  75. 

What  sea  west  of  the  Philippine  islands  ?  3. 

What  sea  east  of  Australia?  4. 

What  gulf  north  of  Australia  ?  95. 

What  two  bays  on  the  east?  96,  97. 

What  gulf  on  the  south  ?  98. 

What  bay  on  the  west?  99. 


What  bays  on  the  north  of  New  Zealand  ?  100, 101. 
What  strait  north-east  of  Sumatra  ?  102.     Between 
Sumatra  and  Java  ?  103. 

Between  Australia  and  New  Guinea  ?  105. 
Between  Australia  and  Van  Diemen's  Land  ?  106. 
Between  the  islands  of  New  Zealand  ?  107. 


CAPES,  MOUNTAINS  AND  RIVERS. 

What  cape  north  of  the  Philippine  Islands  ?  109. 

What  cape  at  the  northern  point  of  Australia  ?  111. 

What  capes  on  the  east?  112-114.  Southwest? 
116,  117.     What  cape  west?  118. 

What  mountain  in  Sumatra  ?  122.  What  moun- 
tains in  Australia?  123,  124. 

What  lake  in  Australia  ?  126.  What  rivers  ?  127, 
128,  131. 


SANDWICH  OR  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  ?  8. 

What  are  the  other  principal  islands  ?  1-7. 

Mention  the  principal  towns  of  Hawaii  ?  4-6. 
Mountains?  5,  7. 

What  two  towns  in  Maui  ?  2,  8. 

What  town  in  Oahu?  1. 

Mention  the  principal  points  of  each  of  the  four 
larger  islands  ?  1-4. 


180 


OCEANICA. 


OGEANICA. 

Oceanica  includes  the  many  islands  lying 
in  the  Pacific  and  eastern  portion  of  the  In- 
dian ocean,  and  is  divided  into  Polynesia, 
Australasia  and  Malaysia. 

Questions.  What  does  Oceanica  include,  and  how 
divided  ? 


1.    POLYNESIA. 

Square  miles,  151,000.     Population,  445,000. 

Polynesia  includes  a  great  number  of 
islands  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  equator.  These  islands  are  dis- 
tributed into  different  groups,  which  are 
usually  composed  of  one  or  more  large 
islands  and  numerous  smaller  ones.  They 
are  all  more  or  less  of  coral  formation.  The 
temperature,  owing  to  the  influence  of  the 
surrounding  ocean,  is  mild  and  comparative- 
ly uniform.  The  climate  is  delightful  and 
salubrious. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  except  on  the 
mountains.  The  productions  are  bread-fruit, 
cocoa,  banana,  yams,  sweet  potatoes  and 
cotton,  besides  various  fruits.  There  are 
several  species  of  timber  trees,  especially 
sandal  wood,  and  a  few  spices. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  two  races,  one 
of  Malay  origin,  and  the  other  a  variety  of 
the  negro  race.  A  few  years  since  they 
were  all  idolaters,  and  sunk  in  the  lowest 
paganism.  Through  the  efforts  of  mission- 
aries many  of  them  have  received  Christian- 
ity and  civilization. 

The  Sandwich  Islands  are  the  most  impor- 
tant group  of  Polynesia,  and  form  a  kind  of 
connecting  link  between  America  and  China. 
The  group  consists  of  thirteen  islands,  seven 
of  which  are  inhabited. 

The  surface  is  mountainous.    The  islands 


are  of  volcanic  origin.  Several  active  vol- 
canoes still  exist. 

European  manners  and  arts  have  been 
adopted  by  the  people,  and  a  regular  govern- 
ment established.  Churches  and  schools  are 
common,  and  books  and  newspapers  are 
printed  in  the  language  of  the  country. 

Honolulu^  the  principal  town  and  seaport 
of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  is  on  the  south 
side  of  the  island  of  Oahu.  Its  harbor, 
capable  of  containing  between  seventy  and 
eighty  ships,  is  often  visited  by  British  and 
American  vessels. 

Questions.  What  does  Polynesia  include  ?  What 
is  said  of  these  islands  ?  Climate  ?  Soil  ?  Produc- 
tions ?  Trees  ?  Inhabitants  ?  Which  is  the  most 
important  group  ?  What  is  said  of  the  surface  ?  Cus- 
toms, government,  &c.  ?    Honolulu  ? 


2.     AUSTRALASIA. 

Square  miles,  3,500,000.     Population,  1,500,000. 

Australasia  embraces  Australia,  New 
Guinea,  New  Zealand,  Van  Die  men's  Land, 
New  Hebrides,  and  New  Britain,  with  nume- 
rous smaller  islands. 

Australia  is  the  largest  island  in  the 
world,  and  on  account  of  its  vast  extent  is 
often  called  a  continent.  It  lies  between  the 
Indian  and  Pacific  oceans,  south-east  of  Asia, 
and  is  about  2,400  miles  in  length  from 
east  to  west,  and  nearly  2,000  in  breadth  from 
north  to  south. 

It  is  traversed  by  several  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, though  it  is  mostly  level. 

It  is  subject  to  severe  droughts  of  several 
months  duration,  which  are  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  sudden  and  heavy  rains.  Notwith- 
standing these  sudden  changes,  the  climate, 
especially  in  the  southern  part,  is  salubri- 
ous. 


0  C  E  A  N  I  C  A . 


181 


Sydney. 


The  soil  on  the  coast  and  in  the  low  lands 
is  fertile. 

Wheat,  Indian  corn,  flax,  indigo  and  to- 
bacco are  the  principal  productions.  Oranges, 
lemons,  figs,  bananas,  pine-apples,  olives  and 
peaches  thrive  well. 

The  chief  mineral  is  gold,  which,  since  its 
discovery  in  1850,  has  been  exported  in 
large  quantities.  There  are  also  rich  depos- 
its of  copper.  Tin  and  iron  are  found  to 
some  extent. 

The  aboriginal  inhabitants  are  usually 
small,  very  ignorant,  and  live  in  the  lowest 
state  of  degradation. 

The  island  is  divided  into  New  South 
Wales,  North,  West,  and  South  Australia, 
and  Victoria,  and  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain. 

The  government  consists  of  a  legislative 
council,  and  a  governor,  appointed  by  the 
crown. 

Melbourne  and  Sydney  are   the   principal 


cities  and  seaports,  and  are  rapidly  increasing 
in  population  and  importance. 

Van  Diemen's  Laxd  is  directly  south  of 
Australia.  The  interior  is  rugged  and  moun- 
tainous. The  climate  and  productions  are 
similar  to  those  of  South  Australia.  This 
island  was  for  a  long  time  used  by  Great 
Britain  as  a  penal  colony. 

Papua,  or  New  GIjinea,  is  a  large  island, 
north  of  Australia,  lying  immediately  south  of 
the  equator.  It  is  supposed  to  be  mountain- 
ous in  the  interior.  The  coast  is  lined  with 
coral  reefs.  Little  is  known  of  the  climate 
and  productions. 

It  is  inhabited  by  negroes  and  Malays. 

New  Zealand  consists  of  a  group  of 
islands  in  the  south  Pacific  ocean,  belong- 
ing to  Great  Britain.  The  two  principal 
islands  are  New  Ulster  and  New  Munster. 


182 


OCEANICA, 


The  Bamboo  Tree, 


The  surface  is  mountainous,  the  climate 
remarkably  healthful,  and  the  soil  fertile. 

The  native  plants,  like  those  of  other 
islands  in  the  South  Pacific,  differ  from  veg- 
etable forms  in  other  parts  of  the  world. 
European  fruits  and  plants  are  cultivated. 
The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Malay  race, 
and  have  been  much  improved,  through  the 
exertions  of  the  missionaries  laboring  among 
them. 

Questions.  What  does  Australasia  embrace  ?  De- 
scribe Australia,  Its  situation  and  size.  Its  sur- 
face. Climate.  Soil.  Productions.  Minerals.  In- 
habitants. How  is  the  island  divided  ?  "What  is  said 
of  the  government  ?     Melbourne  and  Sydney  ? 

How  is  Van  Diemen's  Land  situated  ?    Describe  it. 


New  Guinea,     Of  what  does  New  Zealand  consist  ?♦ 
Describe  its   surface.     Climate,     Soil,     Productions. 
Inhabitants, 


3,     MALAYSIA, 

Square  miles,  760,000,     Population,  21,600,000. 

Malaysia,  or  the  Malay  Archipelago,  in- 
cludes the  most  important  and  extensive 
group  of  islands  on  the  globe,  the  largest  of 
which  are  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java  and  Ce- 
lebes. Malaysia  embraces  also  the  Sunda, 
Philippine,  and  Spice  Islands. 

The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  in 
the  interior.  The  climate  is  for  the  most 
part  warm,  and  in  some  portions  delightful. 


OCEANICA. 


183 


The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  yields  an 
abundance  of  spices,  gums  and  delicious 
fruits. 

The  interior  of  most  of  the  islands  is  cover- 
ed with  thick  jungles,  containing  forest  trees  of 
great  variety  and  of  gigantic  size.  One  of  the 
most  useful  is  the  bamboo  tree. 

The  principal  minerals  are  gold,  tin,  silver, 
copper,  iron,  and  coal. 

The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the  Malay 
race,  and  dwell  principally  upon  the  coasts. 

Their  chief  towns  are  in  many  instances 
built  over  the  water. 

The  Philippines  belong  to  Spain.  Pen- 
ang  and  a  few  other  islands  belong  to  Great 
Britain. 


I 


The  north  and  north-west  portions  of 
Borneo,  and  the  Sooloo  islands  are  under 
native  rulers.  The  remainder  of  this  vast 
Archipelago  is  under  the  control  of  the 
Dutch,  and  is  frequently  named  the  Dutch 
East  Indies. 

Maj^illa,  the  capital  of  the  Spanish  pos- 
sessions, and  Batavia,  the  capital  of  the 
Dutch,,  are  large  and  flourishing  commercial 
cities. 

Questions.  \VTiat  does  Malaysia  comprise  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  the  surface  ?  CHmate  ?  Soil  and  pro- 
ductions? Forests?  Minerals?  Inhabitants?  To 
whom  do  the  islands  belong  ?  Describe  Manilla  and 
Batavia. 


I 


THE   PHYSICAL   WORLD. 


KEY   TO    M^I>    NO.    10 


HYDROGRAPHIO  BASINS. 

1  Arctic. 

2  Atlantic. 
8  Pacific. 

4  Indian. 

5  Continental. 


PRINCIPAL  VOLCANOES.* 

6  Hecla. 
V  Vesuvius. 

8  Stromboli. 

9  ^tna.  , 

10  Peak  op  Tenebiitk. 

11  cotopaxi. 

12  JoKULLO,  IN  Mexico. 


OCEAN  CURRENTS. 

1  Arctic. 

2  Gulp  Stream. 

8  Caribbean. 

4  North  Atlantic. 

5  Guinea. 

6  Equatorial. 
^  Brazil. 

^  8  South  Atlantic. 

9  Cape. 

10  South  Connecting. 

11  Counter. 

12  Mozambique. 
18  Japan. 

14  Antarctic. 

15  Cape  Horn. 

16  Perutuk. 


17  Mexican. 

18  Sargossa  Sea. 


A    GEOLOGY. 

1  Granite.     {Unstratified.) 

2  Primary  or  Metamorphic. 

3  Silurian, 

4  Old  Red  Sandstone. 

5  Carboniferous. 

6  New  Red  Sandstonk. 

7  Oolite. 

8  Cretaceous. 

9  Tertiary. 
10  Superficial. 


B    RAIN. 

1  Constant  Rain. 

2  Periodical  Rain. 

3  Variable  Rain. 

4  Rainless  District. 


C    WINDS  AND  CALMS. 

1  North  Polar  Winds. 

2  Southwesterly  Currents. 
8  Calms  of  Cancer. 

4  Northeast  Trade  Winds. 

5  Variable  Winds  and  Calms. 

6  Southeast  Trade  Winds. 

7  Calms  of  Capricorn. 

8  Northwesterly  Currents. 

9  South  Polar  Winds. 
10  Monsoons. 


*  Volcanic  regions  are  marked  by  small  circles, 
east  and  west,  with  degrees  marked. 


The  Temperature  is  indicated  by  isothermal  lines  crossing  the  Map 


PHYSICAL   GEOGRAPHY 


Physical  Geography  treats  of  the  solid  mass  of  the 
earth,  of  the  waters  that  partly  cover  it,  of  the  air 
that  surrounds  both,  and  of  the  vegetables  and  ani- 
mals by  which  all  these  are  inhabited. 

1.    LAND. 

It  has  been  found  that  there  is  a  rapid  increase  of 
heat,  as  the  earth  is  penetrated  toward  its  center,  and 
this  fact,  together  with  the  eruption  of  fiery  melted 
matter  from  volcanoes,  leads  to  the  belief  that  the 
interior  of  the  globe  is  rendered  fluid,  by  intense 
heat,  and  that  the  solid  land  with  which  we  are  fa- 
miliar, is  only  a  crust  formed  by  gradually  cooling, 
and  extremely  thin  compared  with  the  mass  it  en- 
closes. The  elevation  and  sinking  of  land  and  vari- 
ous other  phenomena,  show  that  some  powerful  agents, 
such  as  steam  and  expansive  gases,  are  still  at  work 
below  us. 

Men  have  been  unable  to  examine  this  crust,  except 
to  the  depth  of  a  few  thousand  feet,  but  enough  has 
been  found  to  satisfy  them  that  at  least  its  few  outer 
miles  of  thickness  are  composed  of  series,  more  or 
less  broken  up,  of  distinct  classes  of  rocks,  which  of 
themselves  indicate  something  of  the  time  and  mode 
of  their  formation. 

Lowest  of  these  are  the  Granite  Rocks,  made  up  of 
quartz,  felspar,  and  mica,  mixed  irregularly  together, 
coarser  or  finer,  as  if  the  pieces  had  been  broken  up, 
half  melted,  and  then  cemented  together  under  con- 
ditions of  great  heat  and  pressure.  These  arc 
called  Igneous,  and  sometimes  Plutonic  Boch. — 
Above  them  come  many  series,  all  which  are  said  to 
be  stratified,  because  they  seem  to  be  made  up  of 
small  particles  deposited  in  water,  whence  their  name, 
Aqueous,  and  so  united  as  to  break  readily  into  thin 
plates  or  layers.  Of  these  rocks  the  lowest  is  known 
as  the  Primanj  OT  MetamorpUe  formation,  then  the 
Silurian  series,  above  which  is  the  Old  Red  Sand- 
stone, which  is  followed  by  the  Carboniferous  or 
Coal-hearing,  over  which  lies  the  ITew  Red  Sandstone, 
then  the  Oolite,  the  Cretaceous,  or  chalky  formation, 
and  lastly  the  Tertiary  or  upper  series,  which  is  made 
up  of  the  clays,  marls,  sand  and  drift  that  we  now  see 


on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Above  these  is 
the  recent  deposit  of  soil,  or  the  Alluvium,  which 
contains  much  decayed  or  decaying  animal  and  veg- 
etable matter. 

In  nearly  all  the  stratified  rocks  are  found  the  re- 
mains of  animals  and  plants,  many  of  which  are 
quite  difierent  from  any  that  now  exist,  and  seem  to 
have  inhabited  the  earth  by  families  or  races  and  then 
to  have  become  extinct,  leaving  their  remains  in  these 
stratified  rocks  which  were  then  being  deposited  un- 
der the  waters.     Such  rocks  are  called  Fossiliferous. 

There  is  also  a  class  of  rocks  which  are  stratified 
and  evidently  of  aqueous  origin,  but  which  also  have 
the  appearance  of  having  been  exposed  to  great  heat, 
which  has  partly  melted  and  quite  cemented  them 
together  like  the  granite.  They  are  called  Metamor- 
phic  or  changed  rocks,  and  are  probably  either  the 
stratified  rocks,  deposited  next  the  granite  whose  heat 
has  thus  transformed  them,  or  they  have  been  heated 
and  crystalized  by  the  injection  of  fiery  masses  from 
below,  into  the  fractures  and  fissures  made  in  their 
own  substance. 

There  are  other  rocks  of  Igneous  origin,  to  which 
is  given  the  name  of  Volcanic.  These  include  trap 
rock,  basalt,  and  greenstone, — the  products  of  ancient 
volcanoes  ;  and  also  the  lavas,  &c.,  ejected  at  the  pres- 
ent time.     These  are  neither  stratified  nor  fossiliferous. 

There  is  far  more  land  in  the  northern  than  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  If  a  great  circle  be  drawn 
through  the  south  of  Asia  and  the  coast  of  Peru,  nearly 
all  the  land  surface  of  the  globe  will  be  on  the  upper  or 
northern  side  of  this  line.  The  land  is  arranged 
chiefly  in  two  great  masses  called  Continents.  There 
is  much  doubt  as  to  the  mode  by  which  these  have 
arrived  at  their  present  form  and  condition.  Many 
suppose  there  has  been  a  succession  of  elevations  and 
depressions,  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  heat 
beneath.  However  this  may  be,  they  have  undoubt- 
edly passed  through  both  sudden  and  gradual  changes, 
with  alternating  periods  of  rest. 

The  Continents  present  several  notable  resem- 
blances and  differences.  Both  have  their  great  moun- 
tain ranges  running  in    the  same  direction  as  the 


FHYSICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 


greatest  length  of  land ;  both  are  broad  at  the  north, 
and  terminate  at  the  south  in  tapering  rocky  points. 
With  two  exceptions  the  important  peninsulas  of 
both  point  southward,  and  have  to  the  eastward  an 
island  or  groups  of  islands.  A  large  member  of  each 
is  nearly  isolated,  and  has  a  deep  bend  of  its  western 
coast  to  the  interior.  They  differ  in  the  direction  of 
the  land, — that  of  the  western  stretching  from  north 
to  south,  and  that  of  the  eastern  from  east  to  west, 
giving  to  the  former  great  variety  of  zone,  hence  of 
climate  and  production,  and  to  the  latter  great  extent 
in  the  same  climatic  belt.     The  western  is  simple  in 


A  volcano^  properly  so  called,  exists  only  where  a 
permanent  connection  is  established  between  the  inte- 
rior of  the  earth  and  the  atmosphere.  The  number 
of  active  volcanoes  is  estimated  at  about  three  hun- 
dred, of  which  two-thirds  are  found  around  the 
shores  on  the  islanc^p  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  There  are 
five  principal  lines  of  volcanoes  :  one  from  Patagonia 
to  Oregon,  which  is  divided  into  several  volcanic 
spaces,  with  intervals  entirely  free;  one  from  the 
Aleutian  Isles  to  Borneo  ;  another  in  the  East  Indies, 
through  Java  and  Sumatra  ;  a  fourth  frcm  Greece, 
through  the  Mediterranean,  to  the  Azores ;  and  the 


its  form,  its  edges  unindented  by  the  sea,  except  j  last  from  the  West  Indies,  across  Mexico,  to  the 
slightly  on  the  eastern  side,  and  •  its  masses  little 
broken  by  irregular  or  transverse  mountains.  Its 
distinguishing  characteristics  are  its  lofty  chain,  un- 
interrupted from  Bherings'  strait  to  the  Magellan,  its 
vast  plains,  and  its  system  of  inland  waters.  On  the 
eastern  continent,  Africa  is  simple  in  its  structure ; 
but  Europe  is  divided  and  re-divided  by  deep  arms 
of  the  sea,  and  Asia,  though  so  extensive  as  to  keep 
a  vast  mass  entire,  still  has  in  the  east  and  south,  a 
succession  of  land-locked  seas  and  broad  indenting 
bajj^.  Each  of  these  divisions  is  traversed  by  frequent 
mountains,  secondary  to  its  main  ranges,  making 
comparatively  small  river  basins.  The  marked  fea- 
ture of  this  continent  is  its  wide  and  elevated  plateaus, 
which  appear  especially  in  Central  Asia.  It  will  be 
noticed  that  in  America  the  line  of  greatest  elevation 
follows  the  direction  of  the  meridians,  and  in  the 
eastern  world  that  of  the  parallels,  while  the  converse 
is  true  of  the  secondary  ranges ;  and  that  in  both  the 
central  axis  is  located  near  one  side  of  the  mass  of 
land,  so  that  the  abrupt  descents  are  respectively  to 
the  west  and  south,  and  the  gradual  slopes  to  the  east 
and  north. 

Islands  arc  either  continental,  having  at  one  time 
formed  part  of  the  neighboring  main  land,  as  the 
British  Isles,  or  are  sandy  accumulations  deposited 
by  the  waves,  as  along  the  east  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica ;  or  are  the  products  of  volcanic  action,  as  the 
Azores  ;  or  are  the  work  of  the  coral  insects,  as  many 
of  those  in  the  Pacific. 

By  volcanic  action  is  meant  the  influence  exerted 
by  the  heated  interior  of 'the  earth  on  its  external 
covering.  Its  effects  are  known  to  us, — not  only  in 
the  eruption  of  volcanoes,  but  in  earthquakes  and  all 
kindred  phenomena,  in  emanations  of  gases  and 
vapors  from  the  earth,  and  in  geysers  and  hot  springs. 


Sandwich  Islands.  The  vents  of  Iceland  seem  to 
form  a  short  chain  by  themselves,  and  besides  these, 
are  some  isolated  or  grouped  volcanoes  on  land,  and 
probably  many  in  the  bed  of  the  ocean.  The  earliest 
recorded  eruption  is  that  of  Vesuvius,  A.  D.  79. 
Stromboli  is  noted  for  its  constant  activity, — Hecla, 
for  its  violent  eruptions, — Cotopaxi,  for  its  great 
height, — and  Jorullo,  in  Mexico,  for  having  been 
thrown  up  from  a  plain  within  a  few  months. 

Sudden  and  violent  disturbances  of  the  earth's 
crust  are  called  cart'hqna'kcs,  and  occur  usually  within 
the  region,  though  not  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
volcanoes.  Some  of  the  most  destructive  on  record 
are  those  of  Lisbon,  in  1755,  of  Riobamba,  in  1797, 
and  those  of  Caraccas  and  the  Mississippi  valley,  in 
18i2. 

Questions.  Of  what  does  Physical  Geography  treat? 
What  is  the  interior  of  the  earth  supposed  to  be  ?  What  is 
said  of  the  crust  ?  The  changes  in  the  land  ?  Of  what  is  the 
crust  composed  ?  Describe  the  granite  rocks.  What  roclts 
arc  above  the  granite  V  Wliat  are  found  in  the  stratified  rocks  ? 
Describe  the  metamorphic  rocks.  The  volcanic.  Which  hemi- 
sphere contains  the  most  land  V  Describe  the  continents.  How 
are  islands  divided?  What  is  meant  by  volcanic  action?  How  ^ 
many  volcanoes  now  active?  Describe  the  principal  vol- 
canic regions.  For  what  is  Stromboli  noted?  Hecla?  Co- 
topaxi? Jorullo?  What  are  earthquakes?  Mention  some 
of  the  most  destructive. 


2.     WATER. 

The  waters  of  the  land  are  found  in  the  form  of 
Springs,  Laics,  and  Rivers. 

Springs  are  hot  or  cold,  according  to  the  depth  of 
the  reservoirs  by  which  they  are  supplied.  If 
these  are  above  the  stratum  of  invariable  tempera- 
ture, the  heat  of  the  water  will  only  vary  with  the 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY 


seasons;  if  the  water  come  from  this  stratum  itself,  it 
will  be  invariable ;  and  if  from  below  it,  its  temper- 
ature will  be  proportionate  to  the  depth.  Hot  and 
boiling  springs  are  very  constant  in  their  heat,  and 
are  more  frequent  in  volcanic  regions,  though  there 
are  many  examples  of  them  remote  from  such 
places.  Many  mineral  substances  are  dissolved  by 
both  hot  and  cold  springs,  whence  the  medicinal  prop- 
erties of  their  waters ;  especially  are  they  often 
highly  impregnated  with  common  salt. 

Lakes  are  of  four  kinds :  those  having  inlets  and 
outlets,  as  the  Great  American  Lakes ;  those  having 
neither  inlets  nor  outlets,  found  among  mountains 
and  fed  by  springs,  and  in  which  the  evaporation 
equals  the  supply  ;  those  having  outlets  but  no  inlets, 
which  are  fed  by  springs  and  are  the  sources  of  riv- 
ers ;  and  those  having  inlets  but  no  outlets,  as  the 
Caspian,  Arab,  and  Deaa  Seas  in  Asia,  Titicaca  and 
the  Great  Salt  Lake,  in  iVmerica.  These  last,  with 
their  tributaries,  form  Continental  Systems  of  rivers, 
and  their  basins  cover  a  vast  extent  of  territory. 

Rivers  are  streams  of  water  flowing  over  the  land 
to  some  other  body  of  water.  They  have  their  ori- 
gin in  Springs,  Lakes,  and  in  ice-covered  mountains. 
The  basin  of  a  river  is  the  entire  country  drained  bj' 
it  and  its  tributaries,  and  the  elevation,  whether  great 
or  small,  which  separates  one  such  basin  from  another, 
is  their  water-shed.  The  velocity  of  a  river  depends 
on  the  form  and  slope  of  its  bed,  and  the  volume  and 
pressure  of  water  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 
The  Danube,  Tigris,  and  Indus  ai-e  the  most  rapid  of 
the  large  rivers. 

Owing  to  the  structure  of  the  highland  and  moun- 
tain chains,  most  of  the  important  rivers  flow  in  an 
easterly  direction,  and  the  next  in  size  towards  the 
south  and  north,  while  those  flowing  west  are  gener- 
ally small. 

The  soil  borne  down  by  streams  is  deposited  as 
their  velocity  diminishes,  and  if  the  lower  courses  be 
through  a  flat  country,  subject  to  inundation,  deltas  are 
formed  at  their  mouths,  as  in  the  Mississippi  and  Nile. 

The  great  mass  of  waters,  covering  two-thirds  of 
the  earth's  surface,  receives  the  general  name  of 
Ocean.  This  contains  from  three  to  four  per  cent,  of 
salts,  is  of  a  dark  blue  or  green  color,  and  of  great 
depth. 

It  is  characterized  by  three  great  movements, 
Wnven,  Tides,  and  Currents.  Waves  are  the  alter- 
nate elevations  and  depressions  of  the  surface  of  a 


body  of  water,  produced  by  a  force  acting  unequally 
on  that  surface.  There  is  no  real  onward  motion,  ex- 
cept in  case  of  violent  winds  and  over  shoals. 

Tides  are  alternate  risings  and  fallings  of  the 
water  of  the  ocean,  occurring  twice  in  twenty-four 
hours,  and  are  owing  to  the  united  attraction  of  the 
sun  and  moon.  The  influence  affects  the  whole  mass 
of  the  water,  and  is  thought  to  originate  in  the  un- 
broken expanse  of  water  about  the  Antarctic  Circle, 
and  to  spread  thence  to  all  seas  having  ready  com- 
munication with  each  other.  In  the  open  ocean  the 
rise  of  the  tide  is  small,  being  only  two  or  three  feet ; 
it  varies  on  various  shores,  and  when  it  enters  nar- 
row bays,  or  is  forced  round  a  head  land,  it  some- 
times rises  to  the  height  of  fort)',  fifty,  and  even  sev- 
enty feet,  as  in  Bristol,  England, — St.  Malo,  France, 
— and  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy. 

The  tidal  wave  occupies  about  a  day  and  a  half  in 
traveling  from  its  great  southern  reservoir  to  the 
British  Isles.  It  moves  rapidly  through  deep  seas, 
and  slowly  through  shallows,  as  in  the  Pacific,  where 
its  influence  is  hardly  perceptible. 

Currents  are  like  rivers  in  the  ocean,  effecting  an 
interchange  of  the  waters  of  one  latitude  with  those 
of  another.  Temporary  currents  are  produced  by 
violent  winds  or  by  tides,  as  Hurlgate,  in  East  River, 
near  New  York.  Periodical  currents  are  owing  to 
periodical  winds,  as  the  Monsoons  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  Constant  currents  are  the  result  of  constant 
forces,  of  which  the  principal  are,  the  heat  of  the  sun, 
the  salts  of  the  sea,  and  the  rotation  of  the  earth. 
Direction  is  often  given  to  them  by  the  configuration 
of  the  land,  and  together  they  constitute  a  great  sys- 
tem of  oceanic  circulation.  They  seem,  like  the 
tides,  to  have  their  source  in  the  Southern  Ocean ; 
a  great  stream  known  as  the  Antarctic  Current,  flow- 
ing thence  northward  toward  South  America,  where  ' 
it  is  divided ;  a  small  part  goes  east,  around  Cape 
Horn,  while  the  rest  flows  north  along  the  western 
coast,  and  turning  suddenly  to  the  west,  is  lost  in  the 
Equatorial  Current  of  the  Pacific.  This  flows  west- 
ward until  it  meets  China,  India,  and  the  East  India 
Islands ;  a  part  makes  its  way  among  these  and 
joins  the  Equatorial  Current  of  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Passing  between  Madagascar  and  the  main  land,  it 
rounds  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  turns  northward 
along  the  coast  of  Africa,  until  off"  Guinea  it  flows 
westward  in  the  Atlantic  Equatorial.  This,  reaching 
Brazil,   is  divided-  one  branch  flowing  south,  then 


190 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


eastward  to  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  known  as  the 
Southern  Connecting  Current ;  the  other  and  princi- 
pal branch  goes  round  the  point  of  Brazil,  through 
the  Caribbean  Sea,  sweeps  round  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  appears  oflF  the  peninsula  of  Florida  as  the  Gulf 
Stream.  This  great  current  flows  along  the  United 
States  coast,  toward  Newfoundland,  where,  spreading, 
it  goes  eastward,  mingling  with  and  warming  the 
waters  west  of  Europe.  The  British  Isles  divide  it, 
a  part  of  it  going  north  to  the  Polar  sea,  and  a  part, 
turning  south,  seems  to  appear  again  on  the  coast  of 
Africa  in  the  North  African  and  Guinea  Current^ 
which  completes  the  circuit  of  the  North  Atlantic  by- 
mingling  with  the  Equatorial  Current.  Within  this 
circuit  of  waters  is  an  area  matted  over  with  gulf 
weed,  known  as  the  Sargossa  Sea. 

A  stream  originates  in  the  ice  masses  around  the 
North  Pole,  and  coming  southward  past  Labrador,  di- 
vides, sending  one  current  inside  the  Gulf  Stream  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  another,  as  an  under  current,  to 
the  Caribbean.  On  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia  is  the 
Japan  Current^  in  many  respects  closely  resembling 
the  Gulf  Stream  of  the  Atlantic.  Like  that,  it  has  a 
cold  counter  current  near  to  the  coast,  and  also  sends 
a  return  current  along  the  shores  of  California  and 
Mexico,  to  mingle  with  the  Pacific  Equatorial.  Of 
the  five  oceans,  the  Pacific  is  the  largest  and  is  re- 
markable for  its  calm  waters  and  many  islands.  The 
Indian,  really  a  branch  of  this,  is  noted  for  its  peri- 
odical and  violent  winds.  The  Atlantic  occupies  a 
long  and  narrow  trough  between  the  two  continents ; 
it  is  deep,  almost  unbroken  by  islands,  traversed  by 
well  defined  currents,  and  extends  through  all  zones 
of  climate.  The  Northern  and  Southern  Oceans  are 
within  the  Polar  Circles,  and  are  alike  remarkable 
for  their  masses  of  ice  and  the  icebergs  which  they 
•send  off"  to  warmer  seas. 

The  basin  of  an  ocean  includes  not  only  the  space 
actually  occupied  by  its  waters,  but  all  the  land 
drained  by  rivers  flowing  into  it.  The  Atlantic  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  Western  Europe,  Northern  and 
Western  Africa,  and  of  the  greater  part  of  America ; 
the  Northern  Ocean  those  of  the  great  northern  slope 
of  the  Eastern  Continent,  and  the  vast  upper  plain 
of  North  America ;  the  Indian,  those  of  Southern 
Asia  and  Eastern  Africa ;  and  the  Pacific  those  of 
Eastern  Asia  and  of  America  west  of  the  mountains. 

A  fifth  hydrographical  system  includes  those  con- 
tinental basins  drained  by  rivers  having  no  outlet 


to  the  sea,  of  which  the  principal  are  mentioned 
under  Lakes. 

Questions.  Describe  Springs.  Lakes.  Rivers.  What 
is  tlie  general  direction  of  the  largest  rivers  ?  How  are  del- 
tas formed?  What  is  the  ocean?  By  what  is  the  ocean 
characterized?  Describe  waves.  Tides.  Currents.  The 
Antarctic  Current.  Equatorial  Currents.  Southern  Con- 
necting Current.  Gulf  Stream.  Guinea  Current.  Japan 
Current.  Describe  the  five  oceans.  What  is  meant  by  the 
basin  of  an  ocean  ?    Describe  the  hydrographic  systems. 


3.  THE  ATMOSPHERE. 
The  atmosphere  is  the  fluid  which  we  breathe,  and 
which  surrounds  the  earth  to  a  height,  probably  of 
forty  or  fifty  miles.  It  has  weight  and  great  elastic- 
ity, and  is  nearly  colorless.  The  quantity  of  sensible 
heat,  as  indicated  by  the  thermometer,  is  called  tem- 
perature. The  depth  to  which  the  solid  earth  is 
affected  by  heat  or  cold  varies  with  the  latitude ;  at  the 
equator  it  is  about  one  foot ;  in  the  temperate  zones, 
fifty  or  sixty  feet ;  in  the  Polar  regions,  300  or  400 
feet.  Below  this,  the  heat  increases  regularly.  In 
the  ocean  there  is  also  a  line  of  invariable  tempera- 
ture, (39°.5,)  found  at  the  equator  at  a  depth  of  7,200 
feet,  in  lat.  56^,  at  the  surface,  and  in  lat.  70°,  4,500 
feet  below  it.  The  temperature  of  water  is  far  more 
equable  than  that  of  the  land.  The  atmosphere  re- 
ceives its  sensible  heat  chiefly  by  radiation  from  the 
earth.  The  temperature  of  any  place  depends  prin- 
cipally on  its  latitude,  its  elevation,  the  vicinity  of 
the  sea,  and  prevailing  winds. 

Wind  is  air  in  motion.  Whenever  the  equilibrium 
of  the  atmosphere  is,  for  any  cause,  disturbed,  there 
follows  an  exchange  of  place  among  its  particles, 
until  this  equilibrium  is  restored.  The  heat  of  the 
earth  in  the  equatorial  regions  causes  the  rarefied  air 
to  rise,  to  supply  the  place  of  which  other  air  rushes 
in  from  the  north  and  south,  the  air  which  ascends 
flowing  off  to  the  Poles  again,  thus  completing  the  cir- 
cuit of  the  globe.  The  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis  gives  a  westward  direction  to  the  air  from  the 
Poles,  and  an  eastward  one  to  the  returning  currents. 
The  force  and  constancy  of  these  are  greatly  modified 
by  the  alternating  land  and  water  over  which  they 
flow.  Within  the  Tropics,  gentle  winds  blow  con- 
stantly from  the  east,  called  the  Trade  winds.  These 
are  in  two  bands  or  zones,  between  which  is  a  zone 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


of  calms  that  is  near  but  north  of  the  Equator,  and 
shifts  its  position  with  the  change  of  seasons.  Out- 
side of  these  Trades  are  narrow  belts  of  calms,  north 
of  the  northern  and  south  of  the  southern  of  which 
the  prevailing  direction  of  the  winds  is  found  to  be 
from  the  west,  as  far  as  60'  or  70'  of  latitude,  beyond 
which  limits  the  courses  of  the  winds  are  not  accu- 
rately known.  The  westerly  winds  of  the  temperate 
zone  are  called  the  Return  Trades.  They  are  by  no 
means  constant,  and  their  prevalence  is  determined 
only  by  careful  and  continued  observation.  There 
are  certain  Periodical  winds,  such  as  the  Morning  and 
Evening  Ireezes  on  the  sea-coast ;  the  Monsoons  of  the 
Indian  ocean,  changing  their  course  with  the  seasons ; 
the  Etesian  winds,  blowing  from  the  north  in  the 
Mediterranean  in  summer ;  and  the  cold  Northers  of 
Texas  and  Mexico. 

Winds  are  hot  or  cold,  moist  or  dry,  taking  these 
characters  from  the  countries  over  which  they  pass. 
Among  the  noted  hot  winds  are  the  Simoon,  of  Ara- 
bia, Syria,  and  Nubia,  and  the  Sirocco,  of  the  Sahara 
Desert. 

Whirlwinds  are  produced  by  currents  meeting  each 
other  obliquely.  Hurricanes  arc  violent  revolving 
winds,  which  occur  chiefly  in  the  West  Indies,  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  Chinese  waters.  They  spring  up 
suddenly,  move  rapidly  over  wide  areas,  and  are 
more  frequent  in  the  Autumn.  Waterspouts,  caused 
by  whirlwinds  near  the  surface  of  the  water,  are  very 
common  in  the  Mediterranean, 

The  atmosphere  is  constantly  receiving  moisture 
from  the  earth,  by  means  of  evaporation.  The  capac- 
ity of  the  air  for  containing  this  moisture  depends  on 
its  temperature.  It  is  said  to  be  saturated^  or  at  the 
dew  point,  when  it  contains  all  its  temperature  will 
allow  it  to  receive,  and  any  above  this  quantity  will 
be  condensed  and  precipitated.  It  is  often  deposited, 
during  still  nights,  on  bodies  which  are  cooler  than 
the  dew  point  of  the  atmosphere  at  the  time,  and  in 
this  form  is  called  dew.  Hoar-frost  is  frozen  dew. 
Mists  and  fogs  are  masses  of  vapor  near  the  earth, 
sufficiently  condensed  to  be  visible,  differing  from 
clouds  only  in  position.  When  clouds  come  in  con- 
tact with  air  or  vapor  cooler  than  themselves,  their 
moisture  is  condensed  and  falls  to  the  earth  in  the 
form  of  rain.  Rain  is  very  unequally  distributed ; 
it  is  found  that  it  decreases  in  quantity  from  the 
Equator  to  the  Poles,  and  from  the  coasts  to  the  inte- 
rior of  a  continent ;  that  the  greatest  number  of  rainy 


days  occur  in  the  temperate  zones ;  that  more  rain 
falls  in  mountainous  than  level  districts,  and  more  in 
the  Northern  than  in  the  Southern  hemispheres  ;  and 
the  same  is  true  of  the  Western  coasts  of  the  continents 
in  the  temperate  zones,  because  the  moisture  is 
brought  by  westerly  winds,  which  lose  it  before  they 
reach  the  eastern  shores.  Rains  are  Periodical 
within  the  Tropics  and  wherever  periodical  winds 
prevail ;  and  are  Frequent  beyond  the  Tropics,  where 
it  may  rain  on  any  day  of  the  year.  Large  rainless 
tracts  occur  in  Peru,  Central  America  and  Mexico,  and 
j  in  Central  Asia  ;  the  moisture  brought  from  the  sea  by 
the  winds  being  condensed  by  mountain  ranges  before 
they  arrive  at  these  districts.  The  annual  fall  of  rain 
is  estimated  at  8.5  feet  in  the  Torrid  Zone,  at  3.05 
feet  in  the  temperate,  and  in  the  Frigid  at  1.25  feet. 
Hail  is  frozen  rain,  and  snow^  frozen  vapor.  By  the 
snow  line  is  meant  the  limit  on  mountains  above 
which  snow  is  perpetual.  At  and  below  this  limit 
the  snow  and  ice  are  melted  or  softened  by  the  heat 
of  summer,  and  here  it  is  that  Glaciers  have  their 
origin.  These  are  large  masses  of  ice  and  snow, 
which,  becoming  attached,  are  in  time  consolidated, 
and,  increasing  from  year  to  year  by  additions  from 
above,  move  slowly  down  valleys  and  gorges,  until, 
reaching  a  milder  temperature,  they  dissolve  and 
form  the  sources  of  rivers. 

By  Climate  is  meant  the  condition  of  the  atmos- 
phere with  reference  to  heat  and  cold,  moisture 
and  dryness,  healthiness  and  unhealthiness.  It  is 
affected,  in  all  these  particulars,  by  the  form  and 
elevation  of  the  land,  the  nature  of  the  soil,  and 
the  neighborhood  of  bodies  of  water,  and  is  by  no 
means  the  same  in  similar  latitudes.  Lines  pass- 
ing through  places  which  have  the  same  mean  tem- 
perature, are  called  isothermal  lines.  By  tracing 
any  one  of  these  throughout  its  course,  it  will  be 
found  to  pass  over  widely  differing  latitudes.  Es- 
pecially is  this  the  case  with  those  isotherms  which 
cross  North  America  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 

Questions.  "What  is  the  Atmosphere  ?  What  is  temper- 
ature? What  causes  wind?  What  are  the  principal  pre- 
vailing winds?  What  are  whirlwinds ?  Hurricanes?  Wa- 
terspouts? Dew?  Frost?  Mists  and  Fogs?  What  is 
said  of  rain?  Where  are  rains  periodical?  Frequent? 
Where  are  the  rainless  districts  ?  What  is  the  annual  fall 
ofi-ain?  What  are  Glaciers  ?  What  is  climate  ?  What  are 
isothermal  liues  ? 


TO   TEACHERS 


The  following  pronouncing  vocabulary  contains  the  names  of  the  countries,  states,  cities,  towns,  oceans,  gulfs, 
bays,  seas,  islands,  peninsulas,  capes,  mountains,  deserts,  lakes  and  rivers  found  on  the  outline  maps  or  mentioned  in 
the  geography.  The  pronunciation  of  names  has  not  been  re-written  where  the  ordinary  spelling  indicates  with 
sufficient  exactness  the  proper  manner  of  pronouncing  them.  Lippincott's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  of  the  World,  a 
•work  prepared  with  great  care  and  accuracy,  has  been  adopted  as  the  standard  of  pronunciation. 

The  extent  of  countries,  the  population  of  cities  and  towns,  the  length  of  rivers,  and  the  height  of  mountains 
have  been  given  wherever  authority  could  be  found  for  the  same.  In  the  population  of  cities  and  towns  the  latest 
census  taken,  has  been  followed. 

KEY  TO  THE  PKONUNCIATION  OF  YOWELS. 

Fite,  far,  fail,  Mt— M6te,  mSt,  her— Pine,  pit— Note,  n6t— Tube,  tub,  fuU.  Vowels  not  marked,  (excepting 
final  e,)  when  ending  a  syllable  that  is  accented,  are  long;  when  followed  by  a  final  consonant,  they  are  short  or  obscure. 


TABLES. 

1.     STATES  AND  COUNTRIES. 

New  Cal^edo'nia, 

Bavaria, 

hi-vk'-re-a. 

North  America. 

New  Hamp'shire, 
New  Jersey, 

nujer'-ze. 

Bel'gium, 
Den'mark, 

Alabama, 

al-a-b3,h'ma. 

New  North  Wales, 

England, 

ing-gland. 

Arkansas, 

dr-kan'-sas. 

New  South  Wales, 

France, 

Amer'ica,  Brit'ish, 

New  York,    . 

Ger'many, 

"            JlUSSIAN, 

roo'-shan. 

Nova  Scotia, 

no'-va  sko'-she-a 

Greece, 

grSs. 

"        Centra'l, 

sen'-tral. 

Ohi'o, 

Han'over, 

Balize, 

ba-leez'. 

Or'egon, 

Hol'land, 

California, 

kal-i-for'-ni-a. 

Pennsylvania, 

pen-sil-va'-ne-a. 

Ireland, 

Ire'-land. 

Canada, 

kan'-a-da. 

Rhode  Island, 

r6d-l'-land. 

It'aly, 

Carolina, 

kar-o-ll'na. 

Ten^nessee', 

Lap'land, 

Columbia, 

ko-lum'-bi-a. 

Tex'as, 

Lombard©  Venetian,  lom-bar-do  ve- 

District  of, 

Utah, 

yoo'-t3. 

nee'-shan. 

Connecticut, 

kon-net'-i-kat. 

Vermont', 

Mecklenburg, 

mek'-len-burg. 

Delaware, 

del'-a-wSr. 

Virginia, 

ver-jin'-e-a. 

MODENA, 

mod'-§n-&. 

Flor'ida, 

Wash'ington, 

Naples, 

na'-pl'z. 
nor'-wA. 

Georgia, 

jor'-je-a. 

Wiscon'bin. 

Norway, 

Green'land, 

Parma, 

p^r'-ma. 

Illinois, 

ir-li-noi'. 

South  America. 

Po'land, 

Indiana, 

in^-de-an'-a. 

Portugal, 

p6r'-tu-gal. 

Indian, 

in'-de-an. 

Argentine  Republic 

ar'j  en-teen. 

Prussia, 

proo-she-a. 

Iowa, 

I'-o-wa. 

Bolivia, 

bo-le'-vi-a. 

Russia, 

roo'-she-a. 

Kan'sas, 

Brazil, 

br^-zil'. 

Sardinia, 

sir-diq-e-a. 

Kentuck'y, 

Chili, 

chil'-le. 

Sax'ony, 

Lab^rador', 

Ecuador, 

ek-wti-d6r'. 

Scot'land, 

Louisiana, 

loo-ee-ze-ah'-na. 

Guiana, 

ghe-^'-nll. 

Swe'den, 

Maine, 

New  Granada, 

grk-nh'AL 

Swit'zerland, 

Ma'ryland, 

Paraguay, 

pS-rS-gwi'. 

Tur'key, 

Mas'sacuu'setts, 

Patagonia, 

pj-ta-go'-ne-a. 

TUS'CANY, 

Mex'ico, 

Peru, 

pe-roo'. 

Wales, 

wilz, 

Michigan, 

mish'e-gan. 

Uruguay, 

oo-roo-gwi'. 

Wirtemburg, 

wur'-tem-berg. 

Min^neso'ta, 

Venezuela, 

ven^-ez-wee'-la. 

Mis^sissip'pi, 

Asia. 

Missouri, 

Nebras'ka, 

New  Brun'swick, 

mis-soo'-re. 

Europe. 

Afghanistan, 

&f-gan^-is-t4n'. 

S-nSm.' 

a-r4'-be-a. 

Austria, 
Baden, 

is'-tre-a. 
b&'den. 

Anam, 
Arabia, 

194 

VOCABULARY. 

Beloochistan, 

bel-oo-kis-tin'. 

Tenasserim,                 ten-asiseh-rim. 

Egypt,                          e'-jipt. 
Essawahil,                  es-sa-w&'-heel. 

BURMAH, 

bur'-mi. 

Thibet,                        tib'-et. 

China, 

chl'-na. 

TooRKiSTAN,  Indk-      toor'-kis-t&n'. 

Fezzan,                         fSz^-z4n'. 

Chi'nesk  Taetart, 

pend'ent, 

Guinea,                         ghin'-ne . 

COREA, 

ko-ree'-a. 

Tub'key. 

Hot'tentot, 

Far'ther  India, 

in'-de-a. 

Kaffraria,                   k&f-fri'-re-a. 

Georgia, 

jor'-je-a. 
hin^-doo-stin'. 

Africa. 

Liberia,                       li-bee'-re-a. 

HiNDOSTAN, 

Morocco,                     mo-rok-'ko. 

Japan, 

ja-pdn'. 

A-BTSSIHIA,                   ab^-is-sin'-e-a. 

Mozambique,                mo-zam-beek'. 

Malacca, 

mi-l^k'-ka. 

Adel,                           i-dfel'. 

Natal',                          nUai'. 

Mantchooria, 

man-choo'  re-a. 

Ajan,                             i-zhan'. 

Nubia,                          nu'-be-a. 

Mongolia, 

moD-go'-le-a. 

Algiers,                        &l-jeerz'. 

Senegambia,                sin-e-gam'-be-l 

Persia, 

per'-she-a. 

Barca,                           b^r'-ka. 

SooDAN,                       sooMan'. 

SlAM, 

si-am.' 

Beled  el  Jkreed,       be-lSdeljer-eed' 

Tripoli,                       trip'-o-Ie. 

Siberia, 

sl-bee'-re-a. 

Bosjesman's,                boslyes-m&nz^ 

Tu'nis, 

SOONQABIA, 

soong-gi're-a. 

Cape  Col'ony, 

Zanguebab,                 zfiag^-ghi-bar'. 

Syria, 

8lr'.e-a! 

Cimbebas,                     sim-bi'-bas. 

Zoo'loo. 

2.    CITIES  AND  TOWNS. 

Colum'bia.  Tenn.                                                         2,600 

North  America. 

Colum'bus,  Ga.                                                            9,000 
Colum'bus,  0.                                                            27,000 

ACAPULCO, 

i-k&^-pool'ko,                    6,000 

Con'cord,                                                                     9,000 

A'drian, 

6,000 

Corpus  Christi,                 kor'pus  kris'te,                 1,200 

Al'ton, 

6,000 

Coun'cil  Bluff,                                                          6,000 

Albany, 

ai'-ba-ne,                         60,000 

CuLiACAN,                            koo-le-&-kW,                    7,000 

Annap'oliS; 

8,000 

Cum'berland,                                                               6,000 

Ann  Ar'bob, 

5,000 

Da'rien,                                                                          500 

Appalachicola, 

ap-pa-lah'-che-ko'-la,         1,000 

Day'ton,                                                                     21,000 

Arispe, 

i-ris'-pi,                           7,000 

Des  Moines,                       de  moin. 

Atlan'ta, 

4,000 

Dav'enport                                                                  8,000 

Augus'ta,  Me. 

10,000 

Detroit',                                                                    45,000 

Aogcs'ta,  6a. 

12,000 

Dor'chesteb, 

Balize, 

ba-leez',                           3,000 

Do'ver,                                                                        8,20Q 

Baltimork, 

bil'-te-m6r^ 

200,000 

Dubuque,                             d«-book',                        18,000 

Ban'qor, 

16,000 

Dun 'kirk,                                                                     4,400 

Bath, 

bith. 

12,000 

Durango,                             doo-rang'-go,                  22,000 

Bath'urst, 

2,000 

Eas'ton,  Pa.                                                                 7,300 

Beaufort, 

bi'-fort,                             2,000 

Eas'ton,  Md.                                                                1,500 

Benicia, 

be-nish'-e-a,                      2,000 

East'port,                                                                       4,200 

Bos'ton, 

IVS.OOO 

E'denton,                                                                        1,600 

Bowling  Gbbih, 

bil'-ling  green,                 8,000 

Elmi'ra,                                                                        10,000 

Brant'ford, 

4,000 

E'rie,                                                                               6,000 

Brattleboro. 

brat'-t'l-bur-ro,                 4,000 

Et'ansville,                                                              10,000 

Brock'villk, 

8,000 

Fay'etteville,                                                            7,000 

Brook'lytj, 

208,000 

Fill'more  City, 

Bdf'falo, 

80,000 

Fond  du  Lac,                                                               6,000 

Bur'lington,  Vt. 

6,500 

Fort  Leavenworth,            f6rt-lcv'-en-wurth, 

Bur'lington,  Iowa, 

15,000 

Fort  Vancouver,               van-koo'-ver, 

Cairo, 

kliro. 

Frank'fort,                                                                 6,000 

Cam'den, 

1,500 

Fred'ericksburg,                                                           4,000 

Campeacht, 

kam-pee^he,                   18,000 

Fred'ericton,      -                                                        5,000 

Cape  Haytieh, 

ba^te-en,                           12,000 

Fred'erictown,                                                           6,000 

Carlisle, 

kar-l-il',                               6,000 

Gale'na,                                                                      9,000 

Charles'ton, 

43,000 

Gal'veston,                                                                 7,000 

Chicago, 

Bhe-ki'-go,                      80,000 

George'town,  S.  C.                                                     1,600 

Chihuahua, 

che-w4'-w&,                      16.000 

George'town,  Ky.                                                       2,000 

Chillicothe, 

chil-li-k6th'e,                    7,500 

Grand  Rap'ids,                                                           6,500 

Cincinnati, 

sin-sin-nah'te,               175,000 

Green  Bay,                                                                  2,500 

Cleve'land, 

44,000 

Guadalajara,                     gwi-Mi-ia  h&'-ri,           70,000 

Co'buro, 

4,500 

Guanajuato,                       gw&-ni-hwa'-to,              63,000 

COLIMA, 

ko-leeimi, 

Hal'ifax,                                                                      28,000 

Colum'bia,  S.  C. 

8,000 

Ham'ilton,  U.  C.                                                       20,000 

VOCABULARY. 

195 

Har'per'sFer'rt, 

2,000 

Natch'ez, 

6,000     ; 

Har'risburq, 

9,000 

Natchitoches, 

natch-i-totch'-iz. 

1,300 

Hart'ford, 

25,000 

New  Albany, 

lU'-ba-ne, 

14,000 

Havan'a, 

200,000 

New'ark, 

61,000 

Helena, 

hel-e'-na, 

New  Bed'ford, 

21,000 

HOLSTEINBDRG,^ 

hollfitln-burg, 

New'bern, 

5,000 

Houston, 

hu'-ston, 

4,000 

New  Guatimala, 

gw&-ta-m4'-lJ, 

60,000 

HUNTS'VILLE, 

4,000 

New  Ha'ten, 

34,500 

I'owA  City, 

6,000 

New  Hern'hutt, 

Indepen'dence, 

8,000 

New  London, 

lun'-don, 

10,000 

Indianapolis, 

in-de-an-ap'-o-lis, 

18,000 

New  Or'leans, 

145,500 

Janes'ville, 

7,000 

New'port, 

10,000 

Jalapa, 

hM4'p4, 

10,000 

New  York, 

660,000 

Jef'ferson  Citt, 

3,000 

Niag'ara, 

4,500 

JULIANSHAAB, 

yoo''-le-ins-hib', 

Nor'folk, 

16,000 

Key  West, 

3,000 

Oajaca, 

wft-hi'-ki, 

2,500 

Kings'ton,  U.  C. 

16,000 

Og'densburo, 

7,000 

Kings'ton,  W.  I. 

35,0(0 

Omaha, 

o-mi'-ha, 

Knoxville, 

nox'-vil, 
li  kross'. 

6,000 

Oswe'go, 

16,000 

La  Crosse, 

2,000 

Padu'cah, 

3,000 

Lafayette, 

Uf^-i-yett', 

10,000 

Pat'erson, 

19,000 

1 

Lan'caster, 

15,000 

Pen'saco'la, 

4,000 

Lan'sing, 

3,000 

Peoria, 

.  pe-o'-re-a. 

12,000 

La  Paz, 

l&piz. 

Pe'tersburg, 

15,000  * 

Lew'istown, 

3,000 

Philadel'phia, 

600,000 

Lex'ington,  Ky. 

12,000 

Pic'ton, 

2,000 

; 

Lex'ington, 

4,000 

Pitts'burg, 

90,000 

LlCHTENAU, 

lik'-teh-naw, 

Placer  City, 

pla-sair'. 

6,000 

LiCHTENFELS, 

Uk'-ten-ftls\ 

Platts'buro, 

5,700 

Lit'tle  Rock, 

3,000 

Port  au  Prince, 

port  0  prfng, 

20,000 

Liv'erpool, 

Port'land, 

« 

26,500 

London, 

lun'-don, 

10,000 

Ports'mouth,  N.  H. 

12,000 

; 

Lore'to, 

4,000 

Ports'mocth,  Ohio, 

'    6,500 

LOUISTILLE, 

looiis-va, 

65,000 

POTOSI, 

po-to'-se. 

500 

Lowell, 

lo'-el, 

88,000 

Potts'ville, 

11,000 

Lu'nenburo, 

Prairie  du  Chien, 

pri'-re  du  sheen, 

2,000 

Lynch'buro, 

10,000 

Prot'idence, 

60,000 

Ma'con, 

7,000 

PUEBLA, 

pwSb'-la, 

70,000 

Mad'ison,  Ind. 

12,000 

Puerto  Principe, 

pwer'-to  preen'-se-pi. 

45,000 

Madison  City,  W. 

12,000 

Quebec, 

kwe-bfik'. 

60,000 

Man'chester, 

20,000 

Queretaro, 

ki-ri'-ti-ro, 

80,000 

Mar'shall, 

8,000 

Quin'cy, 

12,000 

Ma'rystille, 

9,000 

Racine, 

rAs-seen', 

14,000 

, 

Matagor'da, 

1,200 

Raleigh, 

ri'-le. 

6,000 

Matamo'ras, 

20,000 

Reading, 

rSd'-ing, 

18,000 

Matanzas, 

mft'^taji'-zas. 

46,000 

Rich'mond, 

33,000 

Mays'ville, 

7,000 

Rio  Grande  City, 

ree'-o  grin'-di, 

1,000 

■ 

Mazatlan, 

m&z-it-lan', 

11,000 

Roch*ester, 

45,000 

Mem 'phis. 

12,000 

Rock  Island, 

Illand, 

7,000 

Merida, 

mSr'-e-da, 

40,000 

Sac'^ramen'to, 

26,000 

Mex'ico, 

180,000 

Sa'lem,  Oregon, 

Michigan  City, 

mish-'e-gan, 

25,000 

Saltil'lo, 

20,000 

Mill'edgeville, 

3,500 

Salt  Lake  City, 

12,000 

Milwau'kee, 

40,000 

San  Diego, 

B&a  de-a'-go, 

2,000 

Mobile, 

mo-beel,' 

26,000 

Sandus'ky, 

16,000 

Monroe, 

mori-ro', 

3,500 

San  Francisco, 

sAn  frin-sis-'ko, 

70,000 

Monterey,  Mex. 

mon-ti-ri'. 

13,000 

San  Jose, 

sin  ho-sk', 

2,000 

Monterey,  CaL 

2,000 

San  Luis  Potosi, 

sin  loo'-is  po-to'se, 

40,000 

Montgom'ery, 

7,000 

Santa  Fe, 

sin'-t&ft. 

8,000 

Montpelier, 

mont-peel'-yer, 

2,400 

Santiago, 

sin-te-d'-go, 
BOO  sent  mi'-re, 

26,000 

Montreal, 

mon-tre-il'. 

76,000 

Saut  St.  Marie, 

1,000 

Mur'freesboro, 

mur'-fres-bur-o, 

2,000 

Savan'nah, 

24,000 

Muscatine, 

mu8^-ka-teen', 

7,000 

Shelburne, 

shcl'-burn, 

20,000 

Nashua, 

nash'-yu-a, 

6,000 

Sher'brooke, 

4,000 

Nash'ville, 

20,000 

Sit'ka, 

Nas'sau, 

7,000 

Socor'ro, 

;  196 

VOCABULARY. 

j    Som'erset, 

4,000 

Cayenne, 

kl-enn'. 

4,000 

i    Soxo'ra, 

3,000 

Cerro  Pasco, 

ser^-ro  pas'-ko, 

16,000 

i    SocTH  Bend, 

2,000 

Chuquisaoa, 

choo-ke-sa'ka, 

13,')00 

Span'ish  Town, 

6,000 

COBIJA, 

ko-bee'-ha. 

800 

:    Spring'field,  Mass. 

16,000 

Cochabamba, 

ko-cha-bam'-ba. 

25,000 

1    Spring'field,  III. 

14,000 

CoNCEPCioN,  Paraguay, 

kon-sep^-se-6n'. 

7,000 

!    It,  .Sn'drews, 

8,000 

CoNCEPCiON,  Chili. 

10,000 

St.  Anthony, 

sSnt  an'-to-ne. 

2,500 

COPIAPO, 

ko-pe-A-po', 

4,000 

St.  ArousTiNE, 

sfent  S'-gus-teen^, 

2,000 

COQUIMEO, 

ko-keem'-bo, 

8,000 

St.  Domingo, 

sfent  do-ming'-go, 

12,000 

Cor'dova, 

14,000 

St.  Hyacinthe, 

hi'-a-sinth, 

4,500 

Co'  RO, 

4,000 

St.  John's,  N.  B. 

22,000 

Corrien'tes, 

20,000 

St.  John's,  L.  C. 

4,000 

CUENCA, 

kwen'-ka. 

20,000 

St.  John's,  Newfoundland 

, 

25,000 

CUMANA, 

koo-ma-na', 

6,500 

1    St.  Louis, 

loo!is. 

120,000 

CURUGUATY, 

koo-roo-gwa-tee'. 

St.  Paul, 

8,000 

Cuyaba, 

koo-ya'-ba, 

8,000 

Steubenville, 

Btu-'ben-vil, 

12,000 

Cuzco, 

koos'-co. 

42,000 

Stock'ton, 

10,000 

DiAMANTINA, 

de-a-man-tee'na. 

4,500 

Suk'kertop, 

EspiRiTO  Santo, 

^s-plr'-e-to  san-to. 

1,000 

fevD'NKY, 

700 

George'town, 

jorgc'-town, 

26,000 

Syracuse, 

slr'-a-kiz, 

32,000 

Guayaquil, 

gwi'-a-keel. 

25,000 

Tajasco, 

a-bis'-ko, 

Hon'da, 

5,000 

Tallaiias'see, 

1,000 

HCAMANGA, 

wa-mang'-ga. 

20,000 

Ta'os, 

HUASCO, 

was'-ko. 

Tkhuantepec, 

t^-win-ta-pSk', 

8,000 

Ibarra, 

e-bar'-ra. 

12,000 

Tkri!E  Haute, 

t&r'-reh-hot, 

9,000 

La  Guayra, 

lagwi'-i-a, 

8,000 

Tule'do, 

15,000 

La  Paz, 

lap^^sz, 

20,000 

Tokon'to, 

60,000 

Lima, 

lee'-ma. 

100,000 

Then 'ton, 

10,000 

LOXA, 

lo'-ha, 

16,000 

Tkoy, 

troi, 

50,000 

Macapa, 

ma-'.ca-pa'. 

6,000 

TUS'-CAEOO'SA, 

3,500 

Maldonado, 

mai-do-na'-do, 
ma-ra-kl'-bo, 

2,000 

Lpernatic, 

oo-per-n^'-vik, 

Maracaybo, 

9,000 

Valladolid, 

val-ya-do-lfed', 

18,000 

Mar^anham', 

30,000 

Van  Bu^ren, 

1,800 

Matto  grosso, 

mat'-to  gros'-so. 

14,000 

Vera  Cruz, 

T^'-ri  kroos, 

8,200 

Mendo'za, 

12,000 

Vicks'burg, 

5,000 

MOMPOX, 

mom-poh'. 

10,000 

VlNCENNES, 

Tin-senz', 

2,200 

Mon^tetid'eo, 

12,000 

Wash'ington, 

60,(;00 

JS'eembucu, 

na-Sm-boo-koo', 

AVetump'ka, 

3,C00 

New  Am'sterdam, 

6,000 

Wheel'ing, 

20,0(0 

Panama, 

pan-a-ma', 

6,000 

White'hall, 

6,000 

Para, 

pa-ra'. 

10,000 

Wil'mington,  Del. 

18,000 

Paramaribo, 

par-a-mar'-e-bo. 

20,000 

Wil'mington,  N.  0. 

11,000 

Parnahiba, 

par-na-ee'-ba. 

8,000 

WiLKESBARRE, 

wilks'-bar-re, 

5,800 

Payta, 

pi'-ta, 

5,000 

Worcester, 

woos'-ter. 

23,000 

Pernambuco, 

pSr-na«i-boo'-ko, 

24,000 

Zacatecas, 

zik-a-t^'kas, 

25,000 

FOPAYAN, 

po-pa-yan', 

20,000 

Zanes'yxlle, 

16,000 

Porto  Alegre, 

por'-to  a-ia'-gri, 

12,000 

. 

Potosi, 

po-to'-se. 

17,000 

South  America. 

PUNO, 

Quillota, 

poo'-no, 
keel-yo'-ta. 

9,0C0 
10,000 

Aracati, 

a-ra-k&-tee'. 

5,000 

Quito, 

kee'-to, 

65,000 

Arequipa, 

a-ri-kee'-pL 

35,000 

Rio  Bamba, 

re-o  bam'-ba. 

16,000 

Arica, 

a-ree'-ka, 

3,500 

Rio  Grande, 

re'-o  gran'-da. 

As'pinwall\ 

3,000 

RiOJA, 

re-o'-ha, 

4,000 

Assump'tion, 

12,000 

Rio  Janeiro, 

rl'-o  ja-nee'-ro, 

200,000 

Bahia, 

btee'-a, 

120,000 

San  Paulo, 

san  pow'-lo, 

22,000 

Bar'ra, 

6,000 

Santa  Marta, 

san-ta  mar'-ta. 

8,000 

Bogota, 

bo-go-t&', 

40,000 

Santarem, 

san-ta-rem,' 

10,000 

Boi/ivAR  City, 

8,500 

Santiago,  A.  R. 

san-te-a'-go, 

48,000 

Buenos  Ayres, 

b6'-nos  i'-riz, 

5,000 

Santiago,  Chili, 

80,000 

Callao, 

kai-I&'-o, 

8,000 

Socorro, 

so-kor'-ro. 

12,000 

Caracas, 

ka-r&'-k&s, 

63,000 

Trujillo,  Peru, 

troo-heel'-yo, 

8,000 

Cartagena, 

kir-ta-jee'-nS, 

18,000 

Trujillo,  Ven. 

4,000 

Castro, 

cas'-tro. 

3,500 

TUCUMAN, 

too-koo-man', 

9,000 

Catamarca, 

ka-ta-mar'-k&, 

4,000 

Valdivia, 

vai-dee'-ve-a. 

Caxamarca, 

ka-ha-mar'-ka, 

8,000 

Valencia, 

va-len'-she-i, 

17,000 

VOCABULARY. 


1^1 


Valparaiso, 
Villa  Rica, 


Ab^erdeen', 

Abo,     • 

Adrianople, 

Agram, 

Aix  LA  Chapelle, 

A.TACCIO, 

Alicante, 

Amiens, 

Amsterdam, 

Ancona, 

Angers, 

Ant'werp, 

Arciiakgel, 

Arta, 

Astrakhan, 

Ath'kns, 

Augsburg, 

Badajos, 

Barcelona, 

Bari, 

Basel, 

Bastia, 

Bayonne, 

B.CLKAST, 

Bs:lgrade', 

B org EN, 

Bicr'l^n, 

B:;rne, 

Bilbao, 

Birmingham, 

Bociinia, 

Bologna, 

Bo.^deacx, 

Bo  ^na  Serai, 

Braga, 

Brahilot, 

Bremen, 

Breslau, 

Brest, 

Bristol, 

Brunn, 

Brussels, 

Bucharest, 

Bo'uA, 

Burgos, 

Cadiz, 

Caen, 

Carliari, 

Calais, 

Cambridge, 

Cardigan, 

Carlscrona, 

Carlsrche, 

Caernarvon, 

Cartagena, 

Catania, 

Cattaro, 

Cherbourg, 

Christiania, 

Coimbra, 

Col'bero, 


vll-p3.-rl'-so. 

50,000 

Cologne, 

ko-l6n', 

92,200 

veel'-yi  ree'-ki, 

8,000 

Compostela, 

kom-pos-ta'-l3,, 

29,000 

Constantinople, 

kon-stan-te-no'-p'l. 

787,000 

Copenhagen, 

ko-pen-h&'-ghen, 
kor'-do-va. 

133,000 

irope. 

Cordova, 

42,000 

72,000 

Cor'inth, 
Cork, 

2,000 
84,500 

4'-bo, 

15,000 

Corun'na, 

19,000 

ad-rc-an-o'-pel, 

160,000 

Cracow, 

kri'-k6, 

43,000 

6g-r6ni', 

14,800 

Cronstadt,  Aus., 

kron'-stS,tt, 

36,000 

iksh\cha-pell', 

48,700 

Cronstadt,  Russia, 

kron'-stltt. 

40,000 

a-yi\t'-cho. 

12,000 

Dant'zic, 

58,000 

H-le-ldn'-ti, 

19,000 

Debreczin, 

di-brSt'-zin, 

63,000 

am'-i-enz. 

52,200 

Dijon, 

de^-zhon,' 

32,500 

&m-ster-dam', 

229,000 

Do'VER, 

22,000 

an-ko'-n&. 

36,000 

Dresden, 

drSz'-den, 

104,500 

an'-jerz. 

46,600 

Drontheim, 

dr6nt'-hlm. 

13,800 

90,000 

Dub'lin, 

258,000 

&rk-an'-jel, 

25,000 

Dundee', 

79,000 

kr'-a, 

5,000 

Edinburgh, 

Sd'-in-bur-ruh, 

160,000 

is-tr&-kSn', 

46,000 

Elberfeld, 

^l'-ber-filt\ 

35,000 

30,000 

Elsinore, 

fer-sin-6r'. 

8,000 

augs'-burg, 

38,000 

El'vas, 

16,500 

bad-a-h'os, 

12,000 

Ev'oRA, 

15,000 

bi\r-si-lo'-ni, 

122,000 

Falun, 

fj'-loon. 

4,500 

bi\'-re, 

27,300 

Fkrrol, 

ftr-rol'. 

16,600 

ba'-zel. 

27,300 

Flensborg, 

flens'-borg, 

16,500 

b&s-tee-'d. 

12,600 

Flor'ence, 

111,000 

ba-yonn', 

18,900 

Frankfort, 

frank'-furt, 

62,500 

bel-f4st'. 

120,000 

Gallipoli, 

gil-lip'-o-le. 

17,000 

30,000 

Galway, 

gai'-w4, 

24,700 

ber'-ghen, 

25,600 

Gefle, 

y6v'-li 

8,100 

442,000 

Geneva, 

jen-ee'-va, 

29,000 

bSrn, 

28,000 

Genoa, 

jen'-o-a. 

125,000 

bil-b;\'-o. 

11,900 

Ghent, 

ghSnt, 

112,500 

bir'-ming-am, 

223,000 

Gibraltar, 

je-brai'-ter, 

13,100 

bok'-nc-a. 

6,300 

GlJON, 

he-h6n'. 

6,500 

bo-lou'-ya. 

75,000 

Glasgow, 

glas'-go. 

350,000 

bor^-do'. 

131,000 

Gothenburg, 

got'-en-burg, 

29,000 

bos'-nj  ser-l', 

60,000 

Gottingen, 

gSt'-ing-cn, 

107,000 

bri'-ga, 

17,000 

Granada, 

gra-n3,'da. 

61,600 

bra^-hee-lov , 

6,000 

Gratz, 

grSts, 

50,000 

br6m'-en. 

74,000 

Groningen, 

gron'-ing-en. 

83,700 

brSs'-lau, 

112,200 

Hague, 

naig. 

72,500 

brSst, 

61,000 

Halle, 

hil'-leh, 

20,800 

bris'-tol. 

140,000 

Ham'burg, 

161,400 

brunn. 

45,000 

Han 'over, 

42,500 

bru^-seU', 

145,000 

Havre, 

Uv't 

30,000 

bu^-k&-rgst', 

60,800 

Hermanstadt, 

h6r'-min-st&tt\ 

21,000 

40,500 

Hull, 

82,500 

boor^-gos'. 

15,500 

Inverness', 

12,700 

kJi'-diz, 

54,000 

Ismail, 

is-mUV, 

21,700 

k8n, 

45,500 

Kalooga, 

kk-loo'-sK 

80,000 

k&l'-y4-re, 

30,000 

Kazan, 

U-zkn' 

41,300 

kal'-i3. 

100,000 

Kherson, 

ker-s6n'. 

24,400 

kim'-brij. 

28,000 

Kiev, 

ke-Sv',   ' 

47,500 

,  ka,r'-de-gan. 

3,000 

Kola, 

ko'-l&. 

1,000 

k&rls'-kroo^-n^ 

12,400 

Kongsberg, 

kongs'-berg. 

4,000 

k&rls'-roo\ 

25,700 

Konigsberg, 

kSn'-igz-berg, 

76,000 

ker-iidr'-von. 

8,000 

Larissa, 

1  g      •    /      • 

lA-ns'-s^, 

20,000 

kilr-ta-je6'-na. 

30,000 

Laybach, 

li'-b5k. 

17,400 

ki-ti'-ne-a, 

54,000 

Leghorn, 

ISg'-horn  or  iSg-hom 

',     8(»,'»00 

kat'-til-ro, 

4,000 

Leipsic, 

llp'-sik. 

66,000 

sher'-burg. 

28,000 

Lem'berg, 

75,000 

kris-te-^'-ne-a. 

26,000 

Leon, 

lee'-on. 

7,100 

ko-eera'-br&, 

15,000 

Liege, 

leej, 

66,500 

7,600 

Liegnitz, 

leeg'-nits. 

14,000 

198 

VOCABULARY. 

Lille, 

leel, 

•76,000 

Salerno,                * 

sa-ler.'no. 

19,000 

Lim'erick, 

55,000 

Salon I CA, 

sMo-nee'-ki, 

'?6,000 

LiNTZ, 

linte, 

31,000 

San  Marino, 

sAn  mi-ree'-no, 

7,600 

Lisbon, 

Uz'-bon. 

280,000 

Saragossa, 

8&-ri-gos'-si, 

80,000 

Liv'erpooi., 

380,000 

Saratov, 

si-ri-tov'. 

45,000 

London, 

l&n'-dun. 

2,400,000 

Sassari, 

sas'-sa-re, 

24,500 

LONDONDEREY,      « 

lun'-dun-der'-re, 

20,000 

SCHWERIN, 

shwa-reen'. 

17,400 

L'Orient, 

lo-re-6ii'. 

26,000 

Scutari, 

skoo'-t^-re. 

40,000 

LUBECK, 

lu'-bfek, 

27,000 

Seres, 

sSr'-es, 
si-too'-bil, 

30,000 

Lublin, 

loo'-blim 

16,000 

Setubal, 

15,000 

Lyons, 

ll'-onz. 

200,000 

Sevastopol, 

8^v^-as-to'-pol, 

40,000 

Madrid, 

m&-drid'. 

260,000 

Seville, 

sev'-il  or  se-vUl', 

85,000 

Magdeburg, 

mag'-de-burg. 

68,000 

Shef'field, 

136,000 

Malaga, 

mal'-a-ga. 

68,500 

Shoomla, 

shoom'-ia. 

21,000 

Man'chester, 

400,000 

SiLISTRIA, 

se-lis'-tre-a, 

20,000    : 

Mannheim, 

in&nn'-liim. 

28,500 

Sles'wick, 

12,000      : 

Mantua, 

man'-tu-a, 

31,000 

Sligo, 

8li'-go, 

11,000 

Marino, 

mi-ree'-no. 

5,100 

Smolensk', 

13,000 

Marseilles, 

mar-silz'. 

193,000 

Sophia, 

80-fee'-&, 

60,000 

Memel, 

mfem'-el  or  m&'-mel 

9,900 

Southampton, 

suth-hamp'-ton, 
sant  a-te-Sn', 

35,500 

Merthyr  Tydvil, 

mer'-ther  tid-vil. 

63,100 

St.  Etienne, 

56,000 

Metz. 

mets, 

43,500 

Stettin, 

8tSt-teen', 

47,000 

Milan, 

mil'-an, 

162,000 

St.  Pe'tersbubg, 

633,000 

Minsk, 

23,600 

Stockholm, 

.8t6k'-h6m, 

93,000 

MODENA, 

mod'-Sn-i, 

27,500 

Strasburg, 

strSs'-burg, 

75,000 

Montpeliek, 

mont-p^l'-i-er, 

38,000 

Stuttgart, 

.stoot'-gdrt, 

80,000    , 

Moscow, 

loos'-ko. 

360,000 

Syracuse, 

,8lr'-a-kAz, 

11,000 

Munich, 

mu'-nik, 

120,000 

Taranto, 

tA'-ran-to, 

15,000 

MURCIA, 

m&r'-she-a. 

55,000 

Thorn, 

tfirn, 

12,700 

Nan'cy, 

45,100 

Toledo, 

to-lee'-do. 

13,000 

Nantes, 

nants. 

96,400 

TORNEA, 

tor'-ne-a, 

700 

Na'ples, 

416,000 

TORTOSA, 

tor-to'-sa. 

20,600 

Nauplia, 

naw-'ple-a. 

14,000 

Toulon, 

too^-l6n', 

70,000 

Newcastle, 

nu-kas'-sel, 

87,800 

TOULOUSB, 

too^-looz', 

95,000 

Nice, 

nees, 

25,000 

Tours, 

toor. 

85,000 

Norwich, 

nor'-rij, 

68,700 

Trapani, 

tr^'-pi-ne, 

25,000 

Novgorod', 

32,000 

Trieste, 

tre-fest'. 

64,000 

Nu'remberq, 

45,400 

Tripolitza, 

tre-po-lit'-sJ, 

10,000 

Odes'sa, 

71,400 

Troyks, 

troi, 

27,500 

Ol'mutz, 

12,600 

TuEm, 

tu'-rin. 

143,000 

Oporto, 

o-por'-to 

80,000 

Tver, 

tv&r, 

24,000 

Orel, 

o^r&l'. 

25,700 

Ulm, 

film. 

13,500 

Orleans, 

or'-le-anz, 

47,400 

Upsal, 

fip'-sal. 

5,000 

Padua, 

pad'-u-a, 

60,000 

Valencia, 

.va-lSn'-she-a, 

76,000 

Paisley, 

p4z'-le. 

48,000 

Valladolid', 

80,000 

Paris, 

par'-is, 

1,060,000 

Varna, 

T4r'-n4, 

14,000 

Par'ma, 

40,900 

Venice, 

ySn'-is, 

120,000 

Patras, 

pMris', 

8,000 

Verona, 

ya-ro'-nd, 

48,000 

Perth, 

24,000 

Vienna, 

ye-en'-nd. 

408,000 

Pesth, 

pftst. 

65,000 

ViLNA, 

vil'-n4. 

62,500 

Plymouth, 

plim'-uth, 

52,200 

Warsaw, 

wir'-saw, 
wa'-ter-ford, 

164,000 

Portsmouth, 

p6rt3'-muth. 

73,000 

Wat^rfobd, 

25,000 

POSEN, 

po'-zen. 

32,000 

WiDIN, 

yid'-din\ 

26,000 

Pots'dam, 

38,000 

WUELICZKA, 

ve-litch'-ka, 

4,500 

Prague, 

praig. 

68,700 

Yanina, 

j&a'-ne-ni, 

86,000 

Pres'buro, 

38,000 

Yaroslav, 

Ti-ro-sUv', 
V-rik. 

85,000 

Ragusa, 

r&-goo'-s4, 

6,000 

Zurich, 

17,400 

Reggio, 

r8d'-jo, 

18,500 

Rennes, 

renn. 

89,500 

Asia. 

Revel, 

r«v'-el. 

25,000 

Rheims, 

reemz. 

45,800 

JiDXH, 

.4'-den, 

20,000 

Riga, 

ree'-ga. 

71,000 

Ahmedabad, 

i'-med-J-bad', 

100,000 

Rome, 

176,000 

Alep'po, 

75,000 

Rot'terdam, 

89,000 

Amarapoora, 

im-i-ra-poo'-ri', 

Rouen, 

roo'-en, 
fla-ia-m&ng'-ki, 

100,300 

Amherst, 

AHi'-erst, 

5,000     1 

Salamanca, 

14,000 

Amoy, 

i-moi', 

300,000     1 

VOCABULARY. 

199 

Amritseeb, 

am-rit'seer', 

115,000 

Rangoon, 

rang'-goon', 

20,000 

AVA, 

i^-va, 

25,000 

Reshd, 

rfesht. 

60,000 

Bagdad, 

bag-dSd', 

65,000 

Saghalien, 

B&-ga-lee'-en, 

Bangkok, 

ban-kok', 

60,000 

Saigon, 

«I-gon', 

180,000 

Barnaul, 

b^r-nowl', 

10,000 

Samarcand, 

sa-mJr-k&nd', 

10,000 

1  1    Baro'da, 

100,000 

Sana, 

s&-n4'. 

40,000 

1       Bassorah, 

,bis'-so-rS, 

60,000 

Shanghai, 

shang^-hl'. 

190,000 

:        Bknajies, 

ben4'-r§z, 

680,000 

Sheekaz', 

80,000 

1       Beyroot, 

bi'-root\ 

30,000 

Singapore, 

sing^-ga-pore', 

50,000 

^  I     Bokhara, 

bo-k&'-ra. 

160,000 

Smyr'na, 

150,000 

1     Bombay', 

500,000 

Surat, 

•Boo'-rit', 

157,000 

Brdsa, 

broo'-sS, 

60,000 

Tabreez, 

ta^-breez'. 

60,000 

Cabool, 

kib-ool', 

60,000 

Tashkend, 

tash-kend', 

40,000 

Calcut'ta, 

300,000 

Teentsin, 

teent^-seen'. 

Canton, 

kan'-ton. 

1,000,000 

Teheran, 

teh^-her-an', 

60,000 

Cashmere, 

kash-meer', 

200,000 

TlFLM, 

tif-lis. 

60,000 

Chintang, 

shin-yang', 

12:>,000 

Tobolsk', 

20,000 

Colom'bo, 

32,000 

Tomsk, 

24,000 

Dac'ca, 

200,000 

Trebizond, 

treb'-e-zond^. 

40,000 

Damas'cus, 

112,000 

Yakootsk, 

ya^-kootsk', 

7,000 

Delhi, 

del'-le, 

250,00?) 

Yarkand, 

yar^-kaad', 

100,000 

DiARBEKIR, 

de^-ar'^-be-keer', 

40,000 

Yeddo, 

y6d'-do. 

1,500,000 

Krzkoom, 

erz-room', 

50,000 

Yekaterinboorg, 

yi-ka-ta-rin-boorg'. 

15,000 

Hangchowfoo, 

h&nj^'^-chow^-foo'. 

Herat, 
Hue, 

her-at', 
hoo4, 

30,000 
60,000 

Africa. 

Hyderabad, 

hr-der-a-bid', 

200,000 

Abbeokoota, 

ab-be-o-koo'-ta, 

50,000 

Hydrabad, 

hl-dri-b4d', 

20,000 

Abomey, 

ab^-o-mi', 

20,000 

Irkootsk', 

120,000 

Alexan'dria, 

60,000 

Ispahan, 

ia-pa-h&n', 

150,000 

Algiers, 

il-jeerz'. 

95,000 

Jeru'salem, 

20,000 

Angornou, 

&n-gor-noo'. 

30,000 

Jiga  Gounggar, 

jee'-gh  goong^-gar', 

100,000 

Antalo, 

&n-ta'-lo. 

8,000 

IvARS, 

k&rs, 

12,000 

Bath'urst, 

3,000 

Kashgar, 

kash^-gSr', 

16,000 

Bengazi, 

b&n-ga'-ze, 

5,000 

Kelat, 

ke-l&t'. 

12,000 

Benin, 

ben-een', 

15,000 

Ketch'o, 

100,000 

Ber'beea, 

15,000 

^     Khiva, 

kee'-v4. 

10,000 

Bona, 

bo'-na. 

10,000 

Khokan, 

lio^kW, 

80,000 

Boo'da, 

Kiakhta, 

ke-&k'-t&. 

5,000 

Cairo, 

ki'-ro, 

250,000 

KiNGKITAO, 

king-ke-ta'-o, 
li-h6r'. 

Cape  Towk, 

23,000 

Lahore, 

'20,000 

Constantink, 

kon^-stan^-teen'. 

28,000 

Las'sa, 

50,000 

COOMASSIE, 

koo-mas'-se, 

18,000 

j     Ldcknow, 

Juck'-now^, 

800,000 

Damietta, 

dam-e-fet'-ta, 

28,000 

'     Macao, 

m&-kow', 

40,000 

Derne. 

der'-n6b- 

6,000 

'     Madras, 

ma-dnas', 

720,000 

Fez, 

90,000 

Maimaitchin, 

ml-ml-chin', 

1,500 

Freetown, 

18,000 

Malacca, 

m&-lac'-ca, 

12,000 

Georgetowk, 

jorj'town, 

Mecca, 

mek'-ka. 

80,000 

Gon'dar, 

6,000 

Medina, 

me-dee'-nj, 

20,000 

Gra'ham's  Towk, 

6,000 

i     Meshed, 

mesh'-ed. 

45,000 

Kano, 

ka^-no'. 

80,000 

MlAKO, 

me-i'-ko, 

«00,000 

Katunga, 

ka-t&ng'-ga, 

18,000 

Mocha, 

mo'-kft. 

•7,000 

EIem'moo, 

!     Monchoboo', 

4,000 

Khartoom, 

kar-toom', 

18,000 

I     Mosul, 

mo'-sU, 

40,000 

Kobbe, 

kob'-be. 

6,000 

Muscat', 

40,000 

KURRICANK, 

kur-re-ka'-na, 

16,000 

Nagpoor, 

n4g-poor'. 

115,000 

Lattakoo, 

lat-ta-koo', 

1     Nanking, 

n&n-king', 
o-kot8k\ 

400,000 

LOANGO, 

lo-ang'-go. 

20,000 

\     Okhotsk, 

800 

Magadox'o, 

4,000 

j     Omsk, 

11,500 

Mananzart, 

ma-nan-za'-re^, 

i       OOJEIN, 

oo-jin', 

Massowah, 

mas'-so-wa. 

4,000 

Osaka, 

o-si'-ki. 

800,000 

Mequinez, 

mSk'-e-nSz'', 

60,000 

Pat'na, 

284,000 

Mesurata, 

mes-oo-ra'-ta, 

Peking, 

pe^-king', 

1,500,000 

Mombas, 

mom'-bas, 

2,000 

Peshawer, 

p&sh-ow'-er, 

50,000 

MoNRo'riA, 

2,000 

Pe'tra, 

Moor^zook', 

3,500 

Petropaulovski, 

pi-tro-pow-lov'-ske, 

900 

MOROCOO, 

mo-rok'ko, 

100,000 

200 


VOCABULARY. 


Mozambique, 

mo-zam-beek', 

4,000 

New  Benguela, 

new  bSu-g4'-l&, 

New  Dongola, 

new  dong'-go-14, 

6,000 

Obeid, 

o-bid'. 

30,000 

Oran', 

24,000 

Pi  etermaritzbceg, 

pee'-ter-m&r'-itz-burg, 

2,000 

QaiLIMANE, 

ke-le-m3,'-ni. 

2,000 

Rabatt, 

r4^-bit,' 

27,000 

R03ETTA, 

ro-zet'-ti, 

4,000 

Saocatoo, 

sUk-ka-too', 

40,000 

San  Salvador, 

sin  841-va-d6r', 

20,000 

Se'go, 

80,000 

Sennaar, 

ein-nkv,' 

4,000 

SlOOT, 

se-oot', 

20,000 

SOFALA, 

80-fl'-l4, 

Sr.  Lotus, 

sint  loo'-is, 

12,000 

St.  Paul  de  Loanda, 

di  lo-an'-di. 

Tamatav, 

ti-mi-t^v', 

Tananarivoo, 

a-nlL-n4'-re-voo', 

12,000 

Teem^boo', 

16,000 

Timbuc'too, 
Tooggoort', 

" 

12,000 

Tripoli, 

trip'-o-le. 

15,000 

Tunis, 

tu'-nis, 

130,000 

Zetla, 

zi'-l4, 

500 

ZUEEI^ 

ioo-ee'-la. 

Oceanica. 


ACHEEN, 

Adelaide, 
Albany, 

BANJERMASSm, 

Batavia, 

Bencoolen, 

Borneo, 

Brisbane, 

Free'mantle, 

Hi'lo, 

Honolulu, 

Kaaha, 

Kealakeakua, 

Lahaina, 

Macassar, 

Manilla, 

Melbourne, 

Padang, 

Falembang, 

Perth, 

Port'land, 

Samarang, 

Sarawak, 

Sydney, 

Waibuku, 


at-cheen', 

40,000 

ad'-e-lad. 

20,000 

Sl'-ba-ne, 

b&n-yer-mSs-sin', 

1,500 

ba-ta'-ve-a, 

l20,0(;o 

b6n-koo'-len, 

6,0C0 

bor'-ne-o. 

22,000 

briz'-b^, 

1,0C0 

hon^-o-loo'-loo, 

6,000 

U-k-W, 

k&-ia-k^-A-koo'-i, 

la-hi'-na. 

m?i-k&s'-sar. 

20,((0 

m^-nee'-la. 

140,0(0 

mel'-burn, 

60,<  ( 0 

pk-dhng\ 

22,01 0 

pi^-lfem-bSng', 

25,C(0 

B^-mS-r^ng' 

50,0(0 

B&-rr-w4k', 

12,(,f0 

Bid'-ne, 

100,000 

•wa-ru'-ku. 

OCEANS,  SEAS,  GULFS, 
AND  BAYS. 


Aden, 

&'-dSn  or  k'-dhn 

Adriatic, 

ad'-re-at'-ik. 

.(ICgean, 

e-jee'-an. 

Al'bemarle, 

Algo'a, 

All  Saints, 

Anadir, 

a-ni-deer'. 

Antonoill, 

an-ton-zheel'. 

Appalachee, 

ap-pa-lah'-che. 

Ara'bian, 

Aral, 

ar'-a!. 

Archipelago, 

&r-ke-pel'-a-go. 

Arctic, 

irK'-tik. 

Atf.an'tic, 

Azof, 

az'-of. 

Baf'fin's, 

Baltic, 

b^l'-tik. 

Bsngal, 

ben-gSl'. 

Benin, 

ben-een'. 

Bembatoo'ka, 

felAFRA, 

be-af-ra. 

Brs'cAT, 

Black, 

bUk. 

Blanco, 

bl&ng'-ko. 

Bonavis'ta, 

Boothia, 

boo'-tbi-i. 

Bot'any, 

Bothnia, 

both'-ni-i. 

Brede, 

bra'-di. 

Bris'tol, 

Burgas, 

Cases, 

Cal'ifornia, 

Cambay, 

Cambridge, 

Campeachy, 

Carpentaria, 

Caribbean, 

Caspian, 

Chaleur, 

Chat'ham, 

Ches'apeaks, 

Chi'na, 

Cho'co, 

Cronos, 

Concepcion, 

COREA, 

Coronation, 

Cor' pus  Chbisti, 

Cruz, 

Cutch, 

Da'rien, 

Dead, 

Delagoa, 

Delaware, 

Dis'co, 

East'ern, 

English, 

Faxe, 

Fin'land, 

Forth, 

Fujn'dy, 

Gal'veston, 


boor^-gis'. 
k&b'-es. 

kam^-bi'. 

kim'-brij. 

kam-pee'-che. 

k&r-pen-t&'-ri-a. 

k&r^-rib-bee'-an. 

kSs'-pi-an. 

8h4-locr'. 


ko'-nos. 

kon-sfep-se-in'. 

ko-ree'-a. 

kor-o-na'-shun. 

kris'-te. 

kroos. 

kutch. 


dSd. 

del-a-go'-a. 

dfel'-a-w^. 


ing'-glish. 
faks'-i. 


f6rth. 


Galwat, 

Gen'oa, 

Georgia, 

Great  Fish, 

guatimala, 

Guayaquil, 

guaytecas, 

Guinea, 

Halifax, 

Honduras, 

Hud'son, 

Hum'boldt, 

Indian, 

I'rish, 

Islands,  Bay  op 

James's, 

Japan, 

JlJIGINSK, 

Kamtchatka, 

Kara, 

Lena, 

Lyons, 

Madre  de  Digs, 

Maracaybo, 

Marmora, 

Martaban, 

Mass^achu'setts, 

Mat^agor'da, 

Mediterranean, 

Melville, 
Mex'ico, 


gjl'-wa. 

jor'-je-a. 

gwi-te-mS'-ld. 

gwI-A-keel'. 

gwi-ta'-kas. 

gbin'-ce. 

Lal'-e-fax. 

litn-dco'-ras. 

bum'-bolt. 
in'-de-an. 

I'-lands. 

jimz'-ez. 

jl-pan'. 

je-je-ghinsk'. 

kim-chat'-ka. 

kk'-rk. 

Ik'-nL 

ll'-onz. 

mk'-drk  di 

dee'- 09 
ma-rS-kl'-bo. 
mir'-mo-ra. 
mdr^-ta-ban'. 


med^ 


-ter-ra  ■ 
ne-an. 


mel'-vil. 


VOCABULARY. 

201 

Mobile, 

mo-beel'. 

Charlotte, 

8hi\r'-lot. 

Jamaica, 

ja-mi'-ka. 

Monterey, 

mon^-ta-ra'. 

Cook, 

kook. 

Ko'diak, 

Mozambique, 

mo^-zam-beek'. 

COREA, 

ko-ree'-a. 

Long, 

Mlr'ray, 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land. 

Mag'dalen, 

Nar^ragan'sett, 

Dardanelles, 

dar^-di-nSlz'. 

Mans'field, 

Notre  Dame, 

nit'r  dim. 

Da'tis, 

Margarita, 

m&r-ga-ree'-ta. 

Obi, 

o'-be. 

Do'VER, 

Martha's  Vineyard,  mar'-thaz  vin'-         || 

Okhotsk, 

0-kotsk'. 

Flor'ida, 

yard. 

One'ga, 

FORMO'SA, 

New'foundland, 

Or'mus, 

FOVEAUX, 

fo-vo'. 

North  Dev'on, 

Pacific, 

pl-sif-ik. 

Frob'isher, 

NUNNIVAK, 

noo^-ne-Yak'. 

Pamlico, 

pam'-li-ko. 

Gibraltar, 

je-brai'-ter. 

Orleans, 

or'-le-anz. 

Panama, 

p4n-a-ma'. 

Juan  de  Fuca, 

ju'-an  da  fu-c3,. 

Porto  Rico, 

p6r'-to  ree'-ko. 

Paranagua, 

pi-r4-n&-gw4'. 

Lan'caster, 

PiNE^  Isle  of. 

Paria, 

pk'-ie-L 

Le  Maire, 

leh  mir. 

Prince  Ed'ward, 

Passamaquod'dt. 

Long  Island, 

long  I'-land. 

Prince  Will'iam, 

Pecheelee, 
Penas, 

pi^-chee-le'. 

Macassar, 

mi-kis'-sar. 

Queen  Charlotte, 

ehar'-lot. 

pfen'-yAs. 

Magellan, 

mi-jel'-lan. 

Revii^lagigedo, 

ri^-veel'-yA-he- 

:     Penjinsk, 

pSn-jinsk'. 

Malacca, 

m4-lak'-ka. 

hk'-do. 

j     Penob'scot, 

Manaar, 

md-nir.' 

Santa  Barbara, 

Bin'-til  bar'-bi-ri. 

!     Pen^saco'la, 

Messina, 

mes-see'-n3,. 

Shoomagins, 

shoo-mi-'gins. 

j     Persian, 

per'-shan. 

North, 

Sit'ka, 

1       PlNZON, 

pill-son'. 

Northum'berland, 

The  Three  Mari'as,                                 || 

1     Placentia, 

pla-sen'--shl 

Nor'ton, 

Ti'burn, 

Plen'ty, 

Or'mus, 

Tortugas, 

tor-too'-gas.              1 

Qteen  Adelaide's, 

ad'-e-lid. 

Otranto, 

o-trin'-to. 

Vancouver's, 

van-koo'-verz.          1 

Red, 

Palk's, 

pawks. 

1     Riga, 

ree'-ga. 

Perouse, 

pe-rooz'. 

South  Amerioa.                 II 

San  Diego, 

sin  de-a'-go. 

Prince  Re'gent's, 

San  Francisco, 

sin  fran-sis'-ko. 

Prince  William, 

wil'-yam. 

Abrolhos, 

i-brol'-yoce. 

1    Shark's, 

Skager  Rack, 

skag'-er  rak. 

Barbadoes, 

bi\r-ba'-doz. 

1     „           ' 

j       SlAM, 

sl-am'. 

Smith, 

BuEN  Ayre, 

bwen  Ir'-a. 

j       SiDRA, 

sid'-ra. 

St.  Ma'ry's, 

Cananea, 

U-nh-nk'-L 

■     Spencer, 

spen'-ser. 

St.  George's, 

jor'-jes. 

Chiloe, 

cheel-o-i'. 

1     St.  Helena, 

hel-e'-na. 

SUNDA, 

sun'-da. 

CURACOA, 

ku-ra-so'-a. 

i    St.  Law'rence, 

Tar'tary, 

Falkland, 

faik'-land. 

i     St.  Matthi'as, 

Tor'res, 

Grenada, 

gren-i'-da. 

Tam'pa, 

Well'ington, 

Her'mit, 

j     Taranto, 

ta,'-ran-to. 

Yenikale, 

y5n^-e-kl'-li. 

Itamaraca, 

ee-ti-ra&^-r&-ei'. 

j     Teheskaya, 

ti-hes-kl'-ya. 

Yes'so. 

Joannes, 

zho-an'-iifes. 

Tehdantepec, 

ti-win^-ta-pek'. 

Ju'an  Fernandes, 

fer-nan'-des. 

Tomsk, 

TONQUIN, 

tomsk. 
ton^-keen'. 

5.     ISLANDS. 

Lo'bos, 
Margarita, 

mar-ga-ree'-ta. 

Ungava, 

ung-gah-'va. 

North  America. 

Puna, 

poo'-na. 

Venezuela, 

v6n^-6z-wee'-la. 

J.^NTIC0STI, 

an-te-kos'-te. 

QUIBO, 

kee'-bo. 

Victo'ria, 

Antilles, 

an-teel'. 

South  Geor'gian, 

jor'-je-an. 

Walvisch, 

wil'-vish. 

Bahama, 

ba-hi'-ma. 

hTATEN  Land, 

stat'-en  laud. 

Yed'do, 

Ba'ring, 

St.  An'ne, 

Yel'low, 

Bermudas, 

ber-moo'-da. 

St.  Catharina, 

kk-tk-ree'-riL 

Yenisei, 

yhn^-e-sk'-e. 

Boothia, 

boo'-the-a. 

St.  Fe'lix, 

ZuYDER  Zee, 

zl'-der  zee. 

Cape  Breton, 

kip  brit'-un. 

St.  Sebastian, 

se-bast'-yan. 

Caribbees, 

kar'-re-biz. 

St.  VlN'CENT, 

4.     STRAITS  AND  CHANNELS. 

Carmen, 
Cerros, 

kir  -men. 
ser'-ros. 

Terra  del  Fuego, 
Toba'go, 

th-rk'  del  fwa'-go. 

Bab  el  Mandeb, 

bAb-Mman'-deb\ 

Cozumel, 

ko-zoo-mel'. 

Trinidad, 

trin-i-dad'. 

Bank, 

bdnk. 

Cuba, 

ku'-ba. 

Well'ington. 

Bar'row, 

Cumberland, 

kum'-ber-land. 

Bass, 

Us. 

Disco, 

dis'-ko. 

Europe.                      || 

Behring's, 

bee'-ringz. 

Espiritu  Santo, 

Ss-p!r'-e-too 

Aland, 

i'-land. 

Bellisle, 

bftl-Ile'. 

sin'to. 

Anglesea, 

ang'-g'l-see. 

Bonifacio, 

bo-ne-fi'-cho. 

Flor'ida  Keys, 

Bornholm, 

born'-holm. 

BOS'PORUS, 

Georgian, 

jor'-ji-an. 

Can'dia, 

kan'-di-i. 

Bris'tol, 

Great  Manitouline 

,  man^-e-too'-lin. 

Cephalonia, 

sef-a-lo'-ne-i. 

Cana'dian, 

Guanahani, 

gw;Vni-ha'-ne. 

Cerigo, 

ch6r'-e-go. 
kor'-fu. 

Can'so, 

Hayti, 

hi'-te. 

Corfu, 

Cat'tegat^, 

Ice'land, 

Corsica, 

kor'-si-ka. 

.202 

VOCABULARY. 

CTCLAI>Bg, 

sik'-Ia-dk. 

New  Sibe'bia, 

Gil'bert's, 

1 

Cyprus, 

si'-prus. 

da'-go. 

Nic'OBAR, 

Gilolo, 

je-lo'-lo. 

Dago, 

Niphon, 

ni-fon'. 

Guadalupe, 

gw^-d^-loo'-pi. 

El'ba, 

Nova  Zembla, 

no'-va  zem'-bl3,. 

Hall, 

Falster, 

lar-ster. 

Pe'^nang', 

Hapai, 

M'-pi\ 

Faroe, 

fi'-ro. 

Quelpaert, 

kwSl'-part\ 

Hawaii, 

h&-wl'-ee. 

Fc'-NEN, 

Saghalien, 

si-gi-lee'-en. 

Java, 

j^'-vl 

GOTHLANn, 

goth'-land. 

SiKOKF, 

see'-kokf. 

Keel'ing, 

Guern'set, 

ghern'-ze. 

Singapore,     . 

sing'-ga-pore'. 
sok'-o-tr^. 

Ker^madec', 

Hebrides, 

hSb'-rid-ez. 

SOCOTRA, 

Ladrones, 

15d-r6nz.' 

Ice'lanp, 

Staten, 

stat'-en. 

LOUISIADE, 

loo-ee-zee-^d'. 

Ionian, 

I-o'-ne-an. 

Sumatra, 

soo-ma'-trS. 

Luzon, 

loo-z6a'. 

Ihe'land, 

Tchantap, 

chkn-tkr'. 

Magel'lan's, 

IVICA, 

e-vee'-s3,. 

Yes'so, 

Malaysia, 

mal-i'-she-a. 

Jersey, 

jer'-ze. 

Marquesas, 

mir-ki'-sas. 

Laaland, 

lA'-land. 

AMca. 

Melville, 

mel'-vil. 

LiPARI, 

.lip'-a-re  or  lee'- 

Mindanao, 

nun-di-na'o. 

pa-re. 

Abd  el  Curia, 

Sbd^-Sl  koo'-re-5. 

Mindo'ro, 

Loffo'dkn, 

Amirante, 

am^-e-rant'. 

Mitch'ell's, 

Mageroe, 

mag'-er-o. 

Annobon, 

Jn^-no-bon'. 

Mort'lock, 

Majorca, 

ma-jor'-k4. 

Ascension, 

as-sen'-shun. 

Mul'grave, 

Malta, 

mai'-tl 

Azores, 

az'-orz. 

Nav'igator, 

Man, 

Bourbon, 

boor-bon'. 

New  Britain, 

nu  brit'-en. 

Minorca, 

min-or'-kS. 

Cana'ry, 

New  Caledonia, 

kal-e-do'-ni-a. 

Mitylene, 

mit-e-lee'-ne. 

Cape  Verde, 

kip-verd. 

New  Georgia, 

jor'-je-d. 

Neg'ropont, 

Com'oro, 

New  Guinea, 

ghin'-nee. 

Oesel, 

e'-sel. 

Fernando  Po, 

fer-nSn'-do  po. 

New  Hebrides, 

h6b'-rid-6z. 

O'land, 

Madaoas'car, 

New  Ire'land, 

Ork'net, 

Madeira, 

md-dce'-rL 

New  Leinster, 

lin'-stei-. 

Rhodes, 

r&dz. 

Mauritius, 

maw-rish'-e-us. 

New  Mun'ster, 

Rugen, 

ru'-ghen. 

MONFLi, 

mon-fee'-a. 

New  Ul'ster, 

Sa'mos, 

Pem'ba", 

New  Zealand, 

zee'-land. 

Sardinia, 

Bir-din'-i-a. 

Prince's, 

prins'-ez. 

Nookaheeva, 

noo-kd-hee'-va. 

SCARPANTO, 

sc&r'-pan-to. 

Seychelles, 

sa^ -sheer. 

Nor'folk, 

SCILLY, 

sil'-le. 

St.  Hele'na, 

Oahu, 

•wh'-hoo, 

Scio, 

si'-o. 

Sj.  Thomas," 

tom'-as. 

Owhyee, 

o-wi'-he. 

Shet'land, 

Zanzibar, 

z&n-zi-bar'. 

Palawan, 

pl-l^-w^n'. 

Sicily, 

sis'-i-Ie. 

Pal'liser, 

SoROE, 

Stalimni, 

so'-ro. 
6t&-lim'-ne. 

Oceanica. 

Pal'myra,s, 
Pearl, 

perl. 

Wight, 

wit. 

Ad^miral'ty, 

Pelew,' 

Zante, 

zin'-te. 

Amer'ica, 

Philip'pine, 

Zealand, 

zee'-land. 
Asia. 

An 'son's, 
Ar^roo', 

Aus'tjial, 

PlT^CAIRN, 

Radack, 
Ren'nell, 

Tl-dSik'. 

Australasia, 

aws-tral-^'-she-a. 

San'dalwood, 

Andaman', 

Australia, 

aws-tra'-le-a. 

Sand'wich, 

Bahrein, 

bih-rine'. 

Bal'ly, 

Sangir, 

sin-gheer'. 

Behring's, 

bee'-ringz. 

Banca, 

Unk'-kL 

Samar, 

s&-mJr'. 

Ceylon, 

see'-lonorsil-on'. 

BONIN, 

bo-neen'. 

Scarborough. 

skdr'-bur-o. 

Coralline, 

kor'-al-lin. 

Bor'neo, 

Soci'ety, 

Cyprus, 

si'-prus. 

Car'oline, 

Sol'omon's, 

Fadietskoi, 

fa-de-fev'-skoi. 

Celebes, 

s61'-e-b53. 

SOO^LOO', 

Formosa, 

for-mo'-s4. 

Central, 

sen'-tral. 

Spice, 

.spis. 

Hainan, 

hf-nan'. 

Chat'ilmi, 

St.  An'drew's, 

Hongkong, 

CHRISTMAil, 

Cook's, 

krist'-mas. 

St.  Paul's, 

Junk  Ceylon, 

junk  see'-lon  or 

Sumatra, 

soo-m&'-trA. 

junk  sil-on'. 

De  Peyster, 

de  pl'-ster. 

SUMBAWA, 

Boom-baw'wi. 

Kioosioo, 

ke-oo'-se-op'. 

DUCIE, 

dn'tSQC, 

Tahiti, 

ta-hee'-te. 

KiSHM, 

Eas'ter, 

Tas'well's, 

KOORILK, 

koo'-ra. 

Eg'mont, 

Timor, 

te-m6r'. 

KOTELNOI, 

ko-tel-noi'. 

Egoi, 

e-goi'. 

Ton'ga, 

Laccadive, 

lik'-ka-div\ 

Friendly, 

frend'-le. 

Tor'res, 

Liaghofp, 

le-ig-hof. 

Fee'jee, 

Ula'lan, 

Loo^  Choo^ 
Maldive, 

Flores, 

flo'-res. 

Van  Diemen's  Land 

,  v&n  dee'-men's 

mal'-dlv. 

Gambier, 

gam'-bi-pr. 

jand. 

VOCABULARY. 

203 

6.     PENINSULAS,   ISTHMUSES 

St.  Lewis,                   lu'-is. 

Kamtchatka, 

Um-cUt'-U. 

AND  CAPES 

Walsingham,        .      wol-sing-ham. 

Lopatka, 

lo-pat'-kl 

Yucatan,                     yoo-kiVt^n'. 

Negrais, 

ne-grlse'. 

North  America. 

North  East, 
Rasalhad, 

north  hst.' 
r&s-al-had'. 

Alaska, 

41-4s-'ki. 

South  America. 

Romania, 

TO-mk-nec'-L 

Barrow, 

bir'-o. 

Blanco,                      bUn-ko. 

St.  Thaddeus, 

Suez, 

Bknt  thad'-de-us. 
soo'-6z. 

Bath'urst, 

Corrientes,                kor-re-en'-tes. 

Brewster, 

bru'-ster. 

Da'rien, 

Zelania, 

ze-U'-ni-a. 

Canav'eral, 

Frio,                          free'-o. 

Can'so, 
i       Catoche, 

kS-to'-chi. 

Gallinas,                    gal-yee'-nas. 
Horn,                   .      hSrn. 

Africa.                       1 

1       Charles, 

ch&rlz. 

North,                        nSrth. 

Am'bro, 

r       Chudleigh, 

chud'-le. 

Or'ange, 

Agulhas, 

A-gool'-yas. 

!       Cod, 

kod. 

Pil'lar, 

Bas'sas, 

1      Conception, 

kon-sep'-shon. 

San  Francisco,          fr&n-sis'-ko. 

Bon, 

b6n. 

Ij     Corrientes, 

kor-re-en'tes. 

San  Loren'zo, 

BOJADOR, 

boj-a-dor'. 

Ij     Darien, 

da'-ri-en. 

St.  Antokio,               &n-to'ne-o. 

Blan'co, 

Des  Montes, 

da  raon'-ta. 

St.  Roque,                  r6k. 

Corrientes 

kor^-re-6n'-t6s. 

Desconocida, 

da-kon-o-se'-d4. 

Cross, 

kr6s. 

Eliz'abeth, 

Delgado, 

dfel-gd'-do. 
free'-o. 

Fear, 

f6r. 

Europe. 

Frio, 

Flat'tery, 

Clear                         kl^r. 

Guardafui, 

gw^r-dil-fwee'. 

Flor'ida, 

CoRgo,                         kor'-so. 
Crimea,                       krim-ee'-a. 
Finistere,                   fin-is-tair'. 

Good  Hope, 

good  hop. 

Gracias  a  Dios, 

gri'-se-&3  J  dee'- 
6s. 

Orfui, 
Pal'mas, 

or-fwee'. 

Hat'teras, 
Henlo'pen, 
Hen'ry, 

Gata,                          gk'-tL 
La  Hague,                  lahAg'. 
Matapan,                    mi-t&-p&n'. 

St.  Ma'ry, 
Verde, 

Suez, 

,vSrd'. 
soo'-fi«. 

I'CY, 

Labrador, 
Lookout', 
Malabar, 

Iab-ra-d6r'. 

mal-a-b&r'. 
mi. 

Naze,                          iiAz. 
North,                         nSrth. 
Ortegal,                    or-tA-g4r. 
Palqs,                        p&'-los. 

Oceanica.                    1 

Bougainville,           boo^-eran-vill'.         11 

May, 

San  Martix,               sin  mJr-teen'. 

Chat'ham, 

Mendocino, 

m6n-do-see'-no. 

Spartivento,               spar-ti-ven'-to. 

Engano, 

4n-g&'-no. 

Mor'ro  Hermo'so, 

St.  Vincent,               vin'-sent. 

Flat'tery, 

Or'ford, 

SviATOi,                      8ve-&'-toi. 

Howe, 

how. 

Pal'ma, 

Teulada,                    t^-oo-li'-dS. 

Hana, 

h&'-nL 

Prince  of  Wales, 

Race, 

Ray, 

RoMANZOFP, 

Roxo, 

priDS  of  wAk. 

rh. 

tL 

ro-man-zof. 

roks'-o. 

Trafalgar,                traf-al-g&r'. 
Wrath,                     r^th. 

Kahaka, 

KOOLAU, 

ka-h^'-kd. 
koo-Un'. 

Asia. 

Leeuwin, 
Leteque, 
Maria  Van  Diemen 

lee'-wiuorli'win. 

li-vaik'. 

dee'-men. 

Sable, 

San  Antonio, 

sa'-bl'. 

s4n  &n-to'-ne-o. 

Cambodia,                   kara-bo'-de-a. 

Northwest, 

Rod'ney, 

San'dy, 

nfirth-west. 

San  Blas, 

sin  bl&s. 

Chelagskoi,                che-ldg-skoi'. 

San  Lazaro, 

s&n  l4z'-a-ro. 

CoMORiN,                     kom'-o-rin. 

St.  Lucas, 

sAnt  loo'-kas. 

East,                            ist. 

Town 'send. 

oo-po'ia. 

St.  Ma'bt, 

IsoLETTE,                    e-so-let.' 

Upola, 
York. 

7. 

MOUNTAINS. 

Cats'kill, 
Cum'berland, 

8,800 

North  America. 

Mt.  Fairweath'si^ 

14,000 

Height  in  Feet. 

Green, 

4,860 

Alleghany, 

al-le-ga'-ne 

4,200 

Katah'din, 

6,380 

Black  Hills, 

Ozark, 

o'-z&rk. 

Blue  Ridge, 

blu  rij. 

6,4^0 

POPOCAITAPKTL, 

^p-po-cAt-a 

-pet'-l.         17,'720 

Cascade, 

kas'-kid. 

Rock'y, 

Mt.  Hood, 

14,000 

Mt.  Browk, 

16,000 

Mt.  St.  Hel'ens. 

Fremont's  Pe. 

IK, 

13,500 

•Mt.  Ranieb, 

ra-neer. 

Mt.  Hook's9, 

.i.e.^oo 

204                                                                        VOCABULARY. 

Long's  Peak,    '                                                12,000 

Asia. 

Pike's  Peak,                                                          11,500  < 
Span'ish  Peak, 
Sierra  Madre,                      se-er'-rJ  m&'-dra. 

Aldan, 

Altai, 

Beloor', 

Caucasus, 

Elbrooz, 

Ghauts, 

k\-dkn', 
ai-tl'. 

4,260 
12,210 

Sierra  Nevada,                      se-Sr'-ra  nk-\k'-dL 

Mt.  St.  Eli'as,                                                              17,900 

White,                                                                         6,230 

kaw'-kS-sus, 

M-brooz'. 

gawts. 

20,000 
18,493 

8,000 

Himalaya, 

hiin^-a-h'-a 

South  America. 

Ev'erett, 

Kunchinginga,                koon-chin'- 

jing'-gL       28,177     II 

AcARAT,                                 ak-a-ri'. 

Hindoo  Koosh, 

hin'-doo  koosh, 

18,000 

Andes,                                    an'-diz. 

'  Khingan, 

king-gan'. 

Aconcagua,                    &-kon-ka.'-gw3,,             23,900 
CiiiMBORAZO,                   chim-bo-ril'-zo,              21,425 

Kuenlun, 

kwen'-loon 

', 

14,700 

Meling, 

ma^-ling'. 

CiiUQUiBAMBA,                 choo-ke-b&m'-b3,,          21,000 

Peling, 

pa'-ling'. 

CoTOPAXi,                        ko-to-pax'-e,                  18,870 
Gualateiki,                     g\fk-\k-tk-e-ree\ 

Ram'leah, 

Sinai, 

si'-nk  or  si 

-n^-I, 

7,500 

Illimani,                        eer-ya-m3,'-iie,              21,150 

Stanovoi, 

str-no-voi' 

SoRATA,                            BO-ri'-t&,                        21,280 

Tau'rus, 

13,100 

Brazilian,                              bra-zeel'-yan. 

ThIAN  SHAN, 

tee'-^n^  shan. 

Geral,                                     zha'-r^l. 

Pacaraima,                            pi-k4-rl'-m4. 

Africa. 

Abba  Yaret, 

kh'-hk  y&'-ret. 

15,000 

Europe. 

At'las, 

Alps, 

Mount  Blanc,                blank,                           15,800 

Mt.  MiLTRii;F,N 
Cameroons, 
Crystal, 

kam-er-oons', 
krist'-al. 

11,400 
13,000 

Apennines,                              ap'-en-ninz. 

Mt.  Vesuvius,                ve-soo'-ve-us,                  3,950 

Kong, 

LuPATA, 

loo-p&'-tl 

4,000 

Auvergne,                               o-vairn',                           6,221 

Moon, 

Balkan,                                   b^l-kin',                         10,000 
Cantabrian,                            kan-t^'-bre4n,               11,000 

Ke'nia, 

Kilimandjaro.                kir-e-mdn^ 

jk-vo', 

20,000 
20,000 

Carpathian,                            k&r-pi'-the-an,                 8,675 

Radama, 

rk'-dk-mk''. 

Caucasus,                                kaw'-kd-sus,                   18,000 

Red, 

rSd. 

Cevennes,                                si-venn',                          5,820 

Snow, 

sno. 

Mt.  Et'na,                                                                     10,885 

Gram'pian,                                                                      4^370 
Mt.  Hec'la,                                                                     5,210 

Oceanica. 

Pyrenees,                                plr'-en-eez,                     11,425 

Australian  Alps 

6s-trd'-le-an, 

12,000 

Scandinavian,                                                                8,720 

Blue, 

blu. 

8,330 

Sierra  Morena,                      se-Sr'-ra  mo-r^'-nS,         4,000 

KiLAUEA, 

ke-lau'-e-a. 

Sierra  Nevada,                     Be-Sr'-ri  ni-va'-dd,        11,657 

Ophib, 

o'-phur. 

8.    DESERTS  AND  OASES. 

Sahara,                      Bk-hk'vk. 

Grand, 

grind 

South  America. 

Seewah,                     se'-vfk. 

Great  Bear, 

Uv. 

Tibesti,                      tee'-bes'-tee'. 

Great  Salt, 

silt. 

Atacama,                    k-tk-kk'-mL 

Tuat,                          too-at'. 

Great  Slave, 
Green, 

sUv. 
gr^n. 

Asia. 

9.     LAKES. 

Hu'ron, 

Klamath, 

kl&m' 

■kt  or  kid- 

Akhaf,                        kk-hkf. 

North  America. 

math'. 

CoBi,                          ko'-bee\ 
San'dt. 

Abbitibbee,                ab-be-tib'-e. 

Little  Slave, 

Bikr. 

Athabasca,                 atli-a-bas'-ka. 

Manitoba, 

man^- 

e-to'-ba. 

Caniapuscaw,             kan^-e-ap'-us- 

Michigan, 

mish' 

■e-gkn. 

Africa. 

kaw. 

MisVissin'ny, 

Agadez,                      3,'-o'&-dez. 

Champlain,                sham-pUn'. 
Chapala,                     chk-pk'-\k. 
Chesuncook,              che-sun'-kook. 
Erie,                            e'-ri. 
Georgian,                  jor'-ji-an. 

Nicaragua, 

nik-  a.r-k'-gvfk. 

BiLMAH,                       bil'-ml. 
Challehenga,            chil'-le-hen-gi. 
Libyan,                       lib'-i-an. 
Nubian,                       nu'-bi-an. 

Nicollet, 
Nip'issing\ 
Nitcheguon, 
Okechobee, 

nik-o-li', 

nitch^-e-gwon'. 
o^-ke-cho'-be. 

1 

VOCABULARY. 

205 

Ontario, 

on-ta'-ri-o. 

Reyes, 

rk'-Yhs. 

Balkash,               '      bai-kash'. 

POXTCHARTRAIN, 

p6n-char-trin'. 

Titicaca 

te-te-k4'-ka. 

Koko  Nor,                  k6-k6  nor. 

Pyramid, 

pir'-a-mid. 

Lop  Nor,                     lop  nor'. 

Rainy, 

ra'-ne. 

Europe. 

Ooroomeeyah,            oo-roo-rae' 

-yL 

Sag'inaw. 

Poyang,                      po-y&ng'. 

SiMCOE, 

8im'-ko. 

Constance,                kon'-stanz. 

Tchany,                      ch&'-ne. 

St.  Clair, 

sint  kiar. 

Geneva, 

jen-Vva. 

TON^TING^-HOO', 

St.  John, 

sknt jon. 

Ilmen, 

il-men'  or  il'-men 

Zaizan,                        zi-rAn'. 

Terminos, 

ter'-me-nos. 

Ladoga, 

la-do '-g^. 

ZuRRAH,                      zur'-ra. 

TtlI.E, 

too'-le  or  too'-lL 

Maelar, 

mi'-lar. 

Winnipeg, 

win'-i-peg. 

Onega, 

o-ne'-ga. 

Africa. 

WiNNIPEGOOS, 

win'-i-pe-goos. 

Peipus, 

pi'-e-poos. 

Woods, 

woodz. 

Flatten 

See,              piat'-tea  sk'. 

Debo,                          dk'-ho. 

PURUS, 

poo'-roos. 

Dembea,                      dem'-be-a. 

South  America. 

Sego, 
Vigo, 

sk'-go. 
vee'-go. 

FiTTRE,                           fit'-triV. 
Maravi,                       md-ri'-ve. 

Bevedero, 

hk-xk-dk'-vo. 

Wener, 

wi'-uer. 

Melgig,                       mfel-ghig'. 

CoLnGUAPE, 

ko-loo-gwa'-p^. 

Wetter, 

wet'-ter. 

Ngami,                        n'g&'-me. 

InERA, 

e-hk'-vL 

Nyassi,                       ne-as'-se. 

Maracatbo, 

m<\r4-ki'-bo. 

Asia. 

Sib'kah. 

MiRIM, 

me-reeng'. 

Tchad,                         chid. 

Patos, 

p^'-tos. 

Baikal, 

bl'-kal. 

Ukerewe,                   u-ka-ra'-we 

10.     RR^ERS. 

Grand,  Mich., 
Great  Pedee', 

270 
300 

North  America. 

Green,  Ky., 

800 

Length 

in  Miles. 

Har^rican'aw, 

270 

AnniTIBBEE, 

ab-be-tib'-e, 

250 

Hud'son, 

800 

Albany, 

ai'-ba-ny. 

840 

Humboldt, 

hum'-bilt, 

850 

Alleghany, 

al-le-ga'-ne. 

400 

Illinois, 

ir-Iin-oi', 

400 

Altamaha, 

&r-ta-ma-haw'. 

140 

I'OWA, 

800 

Androscoggin, 

an-dros-kog'-in, 

140 

Jame;!, 

450 

Appalachicola, 

ap^-pa-Iah-che-ko'-la, 

100 

Jefferson, 

jef-fer-sun. 
k4-naw'-wa. 

Arkansas, 

fir-kan'-sas, 

2,000 

Kanawha, 

400 

Athabas'ca, 

500 

Kan's  AS, 

1,000 

Bal'sas. 

Kaskas'kia, 

800 

Bear, 

bare. 

400 

Ken'nebec, 

200 

Bro  IIoRN, 

400 

Kentlck'y, 

200 

Big  San'dt, 

80 

Klamath, 

kU'-math, 

250 

Brazos, 

brah'-zo3, 

900 

Lew' IS, 

900 

Cana'dian, 

900 

Mackenzie, 

mak-k&n'-ze, 

900 

Cape  Fear, 

800 

Mad^awas'ka, 

210 

Ciiat'taiioo'che, 

550 

Mad'ison, 

Chowan, 

cho-wSn', 

50 

Maumee', 

200 

Chitrch'ill, 

700 

Mer'rimac, 

110 

Clarke's, 

650 

Miami, 

mi-ah'-me, 

150 

Colorado,  Tex., 

kol-o-rah'-do, 

900 

Min'nesota, 

450 

Colorado,  Cal, 

*1,200 

Miramichi, 

mir^-a-me^-she'. 

76 

Colum'bia, 

1,000 

Mis'sissip'pi, 

8,160 

Connecticut, 

kon-net'-i-kut, 

400 

Missouri, 

mis-soo'-ree, 

8,100 

Citm'berland, 

600 

Mobile, 

mo-beel'. 

50 

Del'aware, 

800 

Mohawk', 

160 

Des  Moines, 

de  moin, 

400 

Monon^gahe'la, 

250 

Detroit', 

25 

Moose, 

250 

East  Main, 

400 

Nebras'ka, 

400 

Feather, 

feth'-er. 

Neches, 

netch'-ez. 

150 

Flint, 

800 

Nel'son, 

?00 

Gal'latin, 

150 

Neusk, 

nuse, 

800 

1     Gatineau, 

g^-te^-no'. 

400 

Niagara, 

nl4g'-a-rah, 

84 

i     Gila, 

heel'-a, 

450 

Nicollet, 

nik^-o-li'. 

* 

Including  the  Green. 

206 


VOCABULARY. 


North  Fork, 

800 

Nueces, 

nwi'-scs; 

350 

ocmulgee, 
Oco'nee, 

ok'-mul-ge, 

300 
280 

Ohi'o, 

950 

O'saqe', 

200 

Ottawa, 

ot'-ta-wJ, 

800 

Pascagoula,- 

pas^-ka-goo'^laj 

100 

Peace, 

p^s. 

800 

Pearl, 

perl. 

250 

Pecos, 

pa'-k6s, 

100 

Penob'scot, 

300 

Poto'mac, 

400 

Rappahan'nocK, 

125 

Red, 

1,200 

Repcb'lican  Fork, 

400 

Rio  Grande,  Mex., 

ri'-o  grand. 

1,800 

Rio  Virgen, 

ree'-o  veer'-hen. 

Ro^anoke', 

450 

Rock, 

830 

Rdpert, 

roo'-pert, 

300 

Sabk.e, 

sa-been. 

600 

Saco, 

saw'-ko, 

150 

Sacramen'to, 

870 

Saguenat, 

8*g^'-nif, 

100 

Sal'mon, 

San  Joaquin, 

sin  ho^4-keen', 

350 

Sa-ntander, 

sin-tan'-der. 

110 

San^tee', 

150 

Saskatchewan, 

sSs-kitch'-e-won, 

1,300 

Savan'nah, 

450 

Scioto, 

8l-o'-to, 

200 

Sev'ern, 

850 

Slave, 

300 

Smo'ky  Hill, 

800 

SOREL  or  RiCHKLTETT, 

eo^-rel', 

80 

South  Fork. 

St.  Clair, 

40 

St.  Croix, 

kroi', 

15 

St.  Francis. 

St.  Fran 'CIS,  Miss., 

450 

St.  John's,  Flor., 

250 

St.  John, 

450 

St.  Jo'seph's, 

250 

St.  Law'rence, 

750 

St.  Ma'ry's, 

100 

St.  Maurice, 

sing  mo-reess',' 

400 

Sus^quehan'na, 

400 

Suwanee, 

eu-w&'-ne. 

Ten^'nessee', 

800 

Tombig'bee, 

450 

Trin'ity, 

550 

Tula, 

too'-Ia, 

200 

USUMASINTA, 

oo-soo-m&-sm'-t4, 

400 

Wabash, 

waw'-bash. 

550 

Washita, 

wash'-e-taw, 

600 

Wateree, 

waw-ter-e'. 

200 

White,  Ind., 

60 

White,  Ark., 

800 

Willamette, 
Wiscon'sin, 

wil-lah'-met, 

150 
600 

Yaqui, 

y&-kee'. 

400 

Yazoo, 

yj-zoo', 

290 

Yel'low  Stone, 

1,000 

South  America. 


Amazon,' 

Aniba, 

Apure, 

Araguat, 

Arinoce, 

Beni,    ' 

Berbice, 

Camarones, 

Caqueta,  ob  Jafura, 

Caroni, 

Cauca, 

Chico, 

Colorado, 

cosiquare,  or 

Cassiquiabi, 

CUTABA, 

Demarara, 
Desaguadero, 

DULCE, 

ESSEQUIBO, 

GUAPAI, 

GUAPORE, 

GUATIARE, 

GURAPY  OR  GUBTTPI, 

Huallaga, 
Jatary, 

JURUA, 

Jutay, 

Madeira, 

Magdalena, 

Mamore, 

Maranham  or  Miarim, 

Marowyne, 

Meta, 

Negro, 

Orinoco, 

Oyapok, 

Para, 

Paraguay, 

Parahiba, 

Parana, 

Paranaiba, 

Parnahiba, 

PiLCOMAYO, 

Port  Desire', 

PURUS, 

Putumayo, 

Rio  de  la  Plata, 

Rio  das  Mortes, 

Rio  Negro,  Pat. 

Salado,  (148) 

Salado, (150) 

Santa  Cruz, 

St.  Francisco, 

Surinam, 

Tacuari, 

Tercero, 

Tiete, 

Tocantins, 

Tapajos, 

Trombetas, 

Uaupes, 

UCAYALE, 
XiNGU,      ' 


am  -a-zon, 

i-ne-bi'. 

4-poo'-ri. 

2,r-4-gwl', 

&-ree  -n6s, 

bi-nee', 

ber-bees', 

kam-a-ro'-nez. 

ki-k&'-ta, 

ki-ro-nee', 

kow'-k3,, 

chee'-ko. 

kor-o-rah'-do, 

ko-se-k&'-re, 

k&s-se-ke-4'-ra. 

koo-yS'-ba. 

dSm^-er-S'-ra, 

d&s'-a-gwa-di'-ro, 

dool'-sa. 

is-seh-kee'-bo, 

gwi-pi', 

gwd-po'-ri, 

gw&-ve4'-rA. 

goo-roo-pee', 

hwai-yS'-ga, 

ha-va-ree', 

hoo-roo'-S, 

hoo-tl', 

mi-di'-ra, 

mag-da-lee'-na, 

mk-mo-rk', 

mar^-an-him', 

ma^-ro-wlii', 

mk'-tSi, 

ni'-gro, 

o-re-no'-ko, 

o^-y&-pok', 

pk-rk', 

pk-rk-gwh'  or  pk-rk- 

■pk-rk-ee'-hk, 

pk-rk-nk', 

pk-rk-nk-Qe'-hk, 

pkr-nk-ee'-hk, 

pil-ko-ml'-o, 

poo'-roos, 
poo-too-ml'-o, 
ree'-o  di  \k-p\k'-tk, 
ree'-o  dka  mor'-tes. 
ree'-o  ni'-gro, 
Bk-lk'-do, 

ekn'-tk  kroos, 

fran-sees'-ko, 

600-rin-am', 

tS-ku-'^-re, 

ter-si-ro, 

te-i'-ti, 

to-kin-teens', 

tk-pk'-zhbs, 

trom-ba'-tas. 

wow '-pes. 

oo-kl-a'-la, 

shin-goo'. 


4,000 


1,000 

700 

*2,000 

200 

1,200 
400 
600 


130 


180 
180 

450 
650 
400 
450 
250 
600 
450 

700 

1,800 

900 

600 

850 

400 

600 

1,000 

1,600 

180 

200 

gwi',  1,600 

800 

2,000 

600 

750 

1,000 

200 

600 

700 

*2,500 

600 

1,000 

400 

200 

1,250 


600 

1,000 

600 


600 
1,300 


*  Including  the  Marmore. 


VOCABULARY. 

207 

Europe. 

Tornea, 
Umea, 

tor'-ne-6, 
oo'-me-6. 

230 
250 

BlELAIA, 

be4^-ll'-i, 

600 

Ural, 

yoo'-ral. 

1,800 

Bog, 

840 

VlATKA, 

\e-kt'-U, 

500 

Bug, 

300 

Vistula, 

vis'-tu-la, 

630 

Dan'ubb, 

1,800 

VlTCHEGDA, 

ve-chSg'-di, 

380 

Dahl, 

d&l. 

Volga, 

vol'-ga, 

2,500 

Desna, 

.  dSs'-ni, 

500 

Volkhov, 

vol-kov'. 

130 

Dnieper, 

nee'-per, 
nees'-ter, 

1,230 

Wartha, 

war'-ta. 

450 

Dniester, 

500 

We'seb, 

250 

Don, 

1,000 

Donets, 

do-n6ts'. 

400 

DORDOGNB, 

dor-d6n', 

220 

Asia. 

DOURO, 

doo'-ro, 

400 

Aldan, 

ai-dan'. 

800 

Drammen, 

dr&m'-men. 

Amga, 

am'-ga'. 

460 

Drave, 

driv. 

860 

Amoo, 

i-moo', 

1,300 

Ddna, 

du'-n&. 

400 

Amoob, 

a-moor'. 

2,200 

DWINA, 

dwl'-na, 

330 

Anabara, 

a-na^-ba-ra', 

400 

Ebro, 

ee'-bro. 

340 

Anadir, 

a-na-deer'. 

450 

Elbe, 
Garonne, 

fclb, 
gi-ronn'. 

650 
880 

Angara, 
Ar^goon'. 

4ng.ga-ra',               , 

1,000 

Glommen, 

glom'-men. 

280 

Attrcck'. 

GUADALQCIVIB, 

gaw-dal-kwiv'-er, 

280 

Brahmapootra, 

brah^-raa-poo'-tra 

1,500 

GCADIANA, 

gw2,-de-  i'-ni, 

880 

Cambodia, 

kam-bo'-de-a. 

1,800 

Hum'ber, 

40 

Che^naub'. 

TOO 

In^dal, 

60 

Euphrates, 

VL-frk'-tkz, 

1,800 

Kama, 

ki'-mJ, 

1,400 

Ganges, 

gan'-jfez, 

go-da-ver-e, 

hSl-mund', 

1,960 

Kem, 

100 

GODAVERT, 

100 

Khoper, 

ko'-per, 

250 

Helmund, 

650 

Klar, 

kl&r, 

200 

HOANG  Ho, 

ho-ang'  h6,' 

2,000 

Kooban, 

koo'-ban', 

880 

HOANG  KlANG, 

ho-ang'  ke-ang-. 

800 

KOOMA, 

koo'-mi, 

800 

IndighirAa, 

in^-de-ghir-'ka, 

750 

Loire, 

lw4r, 

640 

Indus, 

in'-d&s, 

1,650 

LULEA, 

Man  ITCH, 

loo'-le-o, 
mi-neeich', 

200 
800 

Ir'rawad'dt, 
Ir'tish, 

1,200 

1,700 

700 

\ 

Maritza, 

m&-rit'-si, 

260 

Ishim, 

ish'-im. 

Meuse, 

muz, 

430 

Khatanga, 

l^tif?' 

660 

I 

Mezene, 

m&z-in'. 

450 

Kolyma, 

700 

I 

MiNHO, 

meen'-yo, 

130 

KOOR, 

Kist'nah, 

620 

Neva, 

ni'-va. 

40 

600 

NiEMEN, 

nee'-men, 

400 

Le'na, 

2,400 

O'deb, 
Oka, 

^^'■'^A^'    .  ' 

650 
650 

Mahanuddt, 
Menam, 

ma-ha-nud'-de, 

mi^-nam', 

250 
800 

Onega, 

o-ni'-ga, 

250 

Nerbodda,              « 

ner-bud'-da, 

620 

OOSA, 

Petchora, 

oo'-si, 
petch'-o-ri, 

200 
900 

Obi, 
Olenek, 

o'-be, 
o-ia-ngk'. 

2,000 
800 

Po, 

840 

OOSOORI, 

oo^-soo'^-ree', 

840 

Pripets, 

prip'4ts, 

850 

Pei  Ho, 

pa'-h6', 
pe-a-see'-na, 

170 

Pruth, 

pruth. 

860 

PlASINA, 

250 

Rhine, 

rrn, 

950 

Salwin, 

sai'-win. 

Rhone, 

r6n. 

640 

Selenga, 

si-Ifeng'-ga, 
ehil'-kl 

600 

Samara, 

si-ma-ri', 

280 

Shilka, 

Saone, 

sin, 

820 

SiHON, 

sl-hon'. 

900 

Save, 

s4v  or  siv, 

650 

SOONGARI, 

soon-ga'-ree  or  soon- 

Seine, 

sin  or  sSn, 

600 

ga-ree', 

800 

Sev'ern, 

?10 

SUTLEJ, 

sfit'-lej, 

950 

Shan'non, 

220 

CCHIKIRI, 

chee-kee^-ree', 

450 

Skelleftea, 

skfel-lef-te-o, 

120 

Ti'gris, 

1,150 

SOOKHONA, 

80o-ko'-n4, 

250 

Tobol, 

to-bol'. 

600 

Sdra, 
Sveer, 

soo'-ri. 

400 
130 

Toongooska, 
Ural, 

toong-goos'-ka, 
yoo'-ral,     - 

1,800 

Ta'gus, 

640 

VlTIM, 

vit'-im. 

900 

Terek, 

ti-rfek', 

850 

Yana, 

yj'-na, 
yang^-tse  ke-ang , 

600 

Thames, 
Theiss, 

tSmz, 

220 

Yang  tse  Kiang, 

2,500 

tis, 

600 

Yarkand, 

yar^-kand'. 

500 

Ti'beb, 

185 

Yenisei, 

yfen^-e-si'e, 

2,500 

VOCABULARY. 


A£nca. 


Ambriz, 

BEMBAROnGHE, 

Blue, 
Chad'da, 

COANZA, 

Congo, 
Gambia, 

GOJEB, 

Haines, 

JUBA, 

Matoni, 

MiSSELAD, 

Niger, 

Nile, 

Orange, 

Ozi, 

Eio  Gbano£} 


am'-briz. 
bem-ba-rooj' 


ko4n'-za, 

kong'-go, 

glm'-be-a, 

go'-jeb.^ 

h^nz. 

zhoo'-bi. 

m^-to'-ni. 

niis-se-Ud'. 

ni'-jer, 

or'-inj, 

o'-ze. 

ree'-o  grdn'-di. 


800 

600 

240 

1,000 


2,500 
1,800 
1,000 


Sabaki, 

Senegal, 

Shary, 

St.  Paul, 

Tacazze, 

Umbre, 

Vaal, 

VOLTA, 

White, 
Yeoo, 


Dar'ling, 

Lachlan, 

Lynd, 

Murray, 

Swan. 


s&-b&'-ke, 
sen'-e-gll, 
shd'-re. 

ta-k4t'-s4. 
oora'-bri. 
vdl. 
vol'-tH, 

y2i-oo', 
Australia. 


lak'-Un, 

lind. 

mur'r£. 


1,000 
800 


1,200 
300 


1,000 
400 


1,400 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

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